Arise from pancreatic endocrine cells (islets of Langerhans)
Also called islet cell tumors
Can secrete hormones (e.g., insulin, gastrin, glucagon, vasoactive intestinal peptide) or be nonfunctioning
Rare compared with exocrine pancreatic tumors
Benign or malignant, single or multiple presentations
Express somatostatin receptors
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
Angiographic Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
ACR Practice Parameter for the Performance of Gallium-68 Dotatate PET/CT for Neuroendocrine Tumors. https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/Practice-Parameters/DOTATATE_PET_CT.pdf. Accessed April 30, 2020
Lee L et al: Imaging of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: recent advances, current status, and controversies. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 18(9):837-60, 2018
Sadowski SM et al: Prospective study of 68Ga-DOTATATE positron emission tomography/computed tomography for detecting gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and unknown primary sites. J Clin Oncol. 34(6):588-96, 2016
Mansi L et al: Diagnostic imaging in neuroendocrine tumors. J Nucl Med. 55(10):1576-7, 2014
Herwick S et al: MRI of islet cell tumors of the pancreas. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 187(5):W472-80, 2006
Noone TC et al: Imaging and localization of islet-cell tumours of the pancreas on CT and MRI. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 19(2):195-211, 2005
Dromain C et al: MR imaging of hepatic metastases caused by neuroendocrine tumors: comparing four techniques. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 180(1):121-8, 2003
Krausz Y et al: Somatostatin-receptor scintigraphy in the management of gastroenteropancreatic tumors. Am J Gastroenterol. 93(1):66-70, 1998
van Eijck CH et al: The use of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in the differential diagnosis of pancreatic duct cancers and islet cell tumors. Ann Surg. 224(2):119-24, 1996
Becker W et al: Octreotide scintigraphy localizes somatostatin receptor-positive islet cell carcinomas. Eur J Nucl Med. 18(11):924-7, 1991
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (panNET)
Arise from pancreatic endocrine cells (islets of Langerhans)
Also called islet cell tumors
Can secrete hormones (e.g., insulin, gastrin, glucagon, vasoactive intestinal peptide) or be nonfunctioning
Rare compared with exocrine pancreatic tumors
Benign or malignant, single or multiple presentations
Express somatostatin receptors
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
Angiographic Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
ACR Practice Parameter for the Performance of Gallium-68 Dotatate PET/CT for Neuroendocrine Tumors. https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/Practice-Parameters/DOTATATE_PET_CT.pdf. Accessed April 30, 2020
Lee L et al: Imaging of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: recent advances, current status, and controversies. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 18(9):837-60, 2018
Sadowski SM et al: Prospective study of 68Ga-DOTATATE positron emission tomography/computed tomography for detecting gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and unknown primary sites. J Clin Oncol. 34(6):588-96, 2016
Mansi L et al: Diagnostic imaging in neuroendocrine tumors. J Nucl Med. 55(10):1576-7, 2014
Herwick S et al: MRI of islet cell tumors of the pancreas. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 187(5):W472-80, 2006
Noone TC et al: Imaging and localization of islet-cell tumours of the pancreas on CT and MRI. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 19(2):195-211, 2005
Dromain C et al: MR imaging of hepatic metastases caused by neuroendocrine tumors: comparing four techniques. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 180(1):121-8, 2003
Krausz Y et al: Somatostatin-receptor scintigraphy in the management of gastroenteropancreatic tumors. Am J Gastroenterol. 93(1):66-70, 1998
van Eijck CH et al: The use of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in the differential diagnosis of pancreatic duct cancers and islet cell tumors. Ann Surg. 224(2):119-24, 1996
Becker W et al: Octreotide scintigraphy localizes somatostatin receptor-positive islet cell carcinomas. Eur J Nucl Med. 18(11):924-7, 1991
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