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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
Paramastoid process, paroccipital process, jugular process, parajugular process
Definitions
Enlarged bony process of cranial base projecting caudally to transverse process of atlas (C1)
Epitransverse process is mirror image process and arises from transverse process of atlas and projects cephalad to occipital condyle
Uncommon variant (~ 0.5%)
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Schumacher M et al: Paramastoid process: literature review of its anatomy and clinical implications. World Neurosurg. 117:261-3, 2018
Isidro A et al: Surgical treatment for an uncommon headache: a gap of 4800 years. Cephalalgia. 37(11):1098-101, 2017
Murlimanju BV et al: The paracondylar skull base: anatomical variants and their clinical implications. Turk Neurosurg. 25(6):844-9, 2015
Stathis G et al: Paracondylar process, a rare normal variant: the value of MRI in the diagnosis. Surg Radiol Anat. 34(3):281-4, 2012
Mellado JM et al: MDCT of variations and anomalies of the neural arch and its processes: part 2--articular processes, transverse processes, and high cervical spine. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 197(1):W114-21, 2011
McCall T et al: Symptomatic occipitocervical paracondylar process. J Neurosurg Spine. 12(1):9-12, 2010
Shah MJ et al: Surgical removal of a symptomatic paracondylar process. J Neurosurg Spine. 10(5):474-5, 2009
de Graauw N et al: The paracondylar process: an unusual and treatable cause of posttraumatic headache. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 33(9):E283-6, 2008
Hanihara T et al: Frequency variations of discrete cranial traits in major human populations. III. Hyperostotic variations. J Anat. 199(Pt 3):251-72, 2001
Prescher A et al: Anatomic and radiologic appearance of several variants of the craniocervical junction. Skull Base Surg. 6(2):83-94, 1996
Smoker WR: Craniovertebral junction: normal anatomy, craniometry, and congenital anomalies. Radiographics. 14(2):255-77, 1994
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
Paramastoid process, paroccipital process, jugular process, parajugular process
Definitions
Enlarged bony process of cranial base projecting caudally to transverse process of atlas (C1)
Epitransverse process is mirror image process and arises from transverse process of atlas and projects cephalad to occipital condyle
Uncommon variant (~ 0.5%)
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Schumacher M et al: Paramastoid process: literature review of its anatomy and clinical implications. World Neurosurg. 117:261-3, 2018
Isidro A et al: Surgical treatment for an uncommon headache: a gap of 4800 years. Cephalalgia. 37(11):1098-101, 2017
Murlimanju BV et al: The paracondylar skull base: anatomical variants and their clinical implications. Turk Neurosurg. 25(6):844-9, 2015
Stathis G et al: Paracondylar process, a rare normal variant: the value of MRI in the diagnosis. Surg Radiol Anat. 34(3):281-4, 2012
Mellado JM et al: MDCT of variations and anomalies of the neural arch and its processes: part 2--articular processes, transverse processes, and high cervical spine. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 197(1):W114-21, 2011
McCall T et al: Symptomatic occipitocervical paracondylar process. J Neurosurg Spine. 12(1):9-12, 2010
Shah MJ et al: Surgical removal of a symptomatic paracondylar process. J Neurosurg Spine. 10(5):474-5, 2009
de Graauw N et al: The paracondylar process: an unusual and treatable cause of posttraumatic headache. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 33(9):E283-6, 2008
Hanihara T et al: Frequency variations of discrete cranial traits in major human populations. III. Hyperostotic variations. J Anat. 199(Pt 3):251-72, 2001
Prescher A et al: Anatomic and radiologic appearance of several variants of the craniocervical junction. Skull Base Surg. 6(2):83-94, 1996
Smoker WR: Craniovertebral junction: normal anatomy, craniometry, and congenital anomalies. Radiographics. 14(2):255-77, 1994
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