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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Paramastoid process, paroccipital process, jugular process, parajugular process
Definitions
- Enlarged bony process of cranial base projecting caudally to transverse process of atlas (C1)
- Epitransverse process is mirror image process and arises from transverse process of atlas and projects cephalad to occipital condyle
- Uncommon variant (~ 0.5%)
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
- Schumacher M et al: Paramastoid process: literature review of its anatomy and clinical implications. World Neurosurg. 117:261-3, 2018
- Isidro A et al: Surgical treatment for an uncommon headache: a gap of 4800 years. Cephalalgia. 37(11):1098-101, 2017
- Murlimanju BV et al: The paracondylar skull base: anatomical variants and their clinical implications. Turk Neurosurg. 25(6):844-9, 2015
- Stathis G et al: Paracondylar process, a rare normal variant: the value of MRI in the diagnosis. Surg Radiol Anat. 34(3):281-4, 2012
- Mellado JM et al: MDCT of variations and anomalies of the neural arch and its processes: part 2--articular processes, transverse processes, and high cervical spine. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 197(1):W114-21, 2011
- McCall T et al: Symptomatic occipitocervical paracondylar process. J Neurosurg Spine. 12(1):9-12, 2010
- Shah MJ et al: Surgical removal of a symptomatic paracondylar process. J Neurosurg Spine. 10(5):474-5, 2009
- de Graauw N et al: The paracondylar process: an unusual and treatable cause of posttraumatic headache. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 33(9):E283-6, 2008
- Hanihara T et al: Frequency variations of discrete cranial traits in major human populations. III. Hyperostotic variations. J Anat. 199(Pt 3):251-72, 2001
- Prescher A et al: Anatomic and radiologic appearance of several variants of the craniocervical junction. Skull Base Surg. 6(2):83-94, 1996
- Smoker WR: Craniovertebral junction: normal anatomy, craniometry, and congenital anomalies. Radiographics. 14(2):255-77, 1994
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Paramastoid process, paroccipital process, jugular process, parajugular process
Definitions
- Enlarged bony process of cranial base projecting caudally to transverse process of atlas (C1)
- Epitransverse process is mirror image process and arises from transverse process of atlas and projects cephalad to occipital condyle
- Uncommon variant (~ 0.5%)
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
- Schumacher M et al: Paramastoid process: literature review of its anatomy and clinical implications. World Neurosurg. 117:261-3, 2018
- Isidro A et al: Surgical treatment for an uncommon headache: a gap of 4800 years. Cephalalgia. 37(11):1098-101, 2017
- Murlimanju BV et al: The paracondylar skull base: anatomical variants and their clinical implications. Turk Neurosurg. 25(6):844-9, 2015
- Stathis G et al: Paracondylar process, a rare normal variant: the value of MRI in the diagnosis. Surg Radiol Anat. 34(3):281-4, 2012
- Mellado JM et al: MDCT of variations and anomalies of the neural arch and its processes: part 2--articular processes, transverse processes, and high cervical spine. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 197(1):W114-21, 2011
- McCall T et al: Symptomatic occipitocervical paracondylar process. J Neurosurg Spine. 12(1):9-12, 2010
- Shah MJ et al: Surgical removal of a symptomatic paracondylar process. J Neurosurg Spine. 10(5):474-5, 2009
- de Graauw N et al: The paracondylar process: an unusual and treatable cause of posttraumatic headache. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 33(9):E283-6, 2008
- Hanihara T et al: Frequency variations of discrete cranial traits in major human populations. III. Hyperostotic variations. J Anat. 199(Pt 3):251-72, 2001
- Prescher A et al: Anatomic and radiologic appearance of several variants of the craniocervical junction. Skull Base Surg. 6(2):83-94, 1996
- Smoker WR: Craniovertebral junction: normal anatomy, craniometry, and congenital anomalies. Radiographics. 14(2):255-77, 1994
