Venolymphatic malformation (VLM): Elements of venous vascular malformation (VVM) and LM in same mass
Lymphangioma and cystic hygroma (old terms)
Definitions
Abnormal collection of dilated lymphatic channels that are lined with endothelial cells
Almost all are congenital, resulting from abnormal development of lymphatic system
Very rarely can be secondary to trauma or surgery
Associated Syndromes
Turner syndrome is most common syndrome association
Less commonly seen in Down syndrome and fetal alcohol syndrome
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Kim DW: OK-432 sclerotherapy of lymphatic malformation in the head and neck: factors related to outcome. Pediatr Radiol. 44(7):857-62, 2014
Leung M et al: Management of the low-flow head and neck vascular malformations in children: the sclerotherapy protocol. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 24(1):97-101, 2014
Adams MT et al: Head and neck lymphatic malformation treatment: a systematic review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 147(4):627-39, 2012
Ibrahim M et al: Congenital cystic lesions of the head and neck. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 21(3):621-39, viii, 2011
Wiegand S et al: Lymphatic malformations involving the parotid gland. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 21(4):242-5, 2011
Zhou Q et al: Treatment guidelines of lymphatic malformations of the head and neck. Oral Oncol. 47(12):1105-9, 2011
Wiegand S et al: Pathogenesis of lymphangiomas. Virchows Arch. 453(1):1-8, 2008
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Lymphatic malformation (LM)
Synonyms
Vascular malformation, lymphatic type
Spectrum of diseases
Venolymphatic malformation (VLM): Elements of venous vascular malformation (VVM) and LM in same mass
Lymphangioma and cystic hygroma (old terms)
Definitions
Abnormal collection of dilated lymphatic channels that are lined with endothelial cells
Almost all are congenital, resulting from abnormal development of lymphatic system
Very rarely can be secondary to trauma or surgery
Associated Syndromes
Turner syndrome is most common syndrome association
Less commonly seen in Down syndrome and fetal alcohol syndrome
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Kim DW: OK-432 sclerotherapy of lymphatic malformation in the head and neck: factors related to outcome. Pediatr Radiol. 44(7):857-62, 2014
Leung M et al: Management of the low-flow head and neck vascular malformations in children: the sclerotherapy protocol. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 24(1):97-101, 2014
Adams MT et al: Head and neck lymphatic malformation treatment: a systematic review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 147(4):627-39, 2012
Ibrahim M et al: Congenital cystic lesions of the head and neck. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 21(3):621-39, viii, 2011
Wiegand S et al: Lymphatic malformations involving the parotid gland. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 21(4):242-5, 2011
Zhou Q et al: Treatment guidelines of lymphatic malformations of the head and neck. Oral Oncol. 47(12):1105-9, 2011
Wiegand S et al: Pathogenesis of lymphangiomas. Virchows Arch. 453(1):1-8, 2008
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