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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Transient patellar dislocation (TPD)
Definitions
- Lateral dislocation of patella from direct/indirect injury
- Dislocation/relocation → shearing, tensile, & compressive forces → injuries of medial patella, lateral femur, & soft tissues
- Shearing & tensile forces during dislocation → patellar & ligamentous injury
- Compressive & shearing forces during relocation → femoral & patellar injury
Associated Syndromes
- Syndromes with ligamentous laxity (e.g., Ehlers-Danlos or Marfan syndrome) are predisposed to TPD
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Selected References
- Meyers AB et al: Imaging assessment of patellar instability and its treatment in children and adolescents. Pediatr Radiol. 46(5):618-36, 2016
- Torabi M et al: MRI evaluation and complications of medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction. Clin Imaging. 39(1):116-7, 2015
- Ho CP et al: Systematic technique-dependent differences in CT versus MRI measurement of the tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance. Am J Sports Med. 43(3):675-82, 2015
- Dickens AJ et al: Tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance: defining normal in a pediatric population. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 96(4):318-24, 2014
- Nelitz M et al: Anatomic reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament in children and adolescents with open growth plates: surgical technique and clinical outcome. Am J Sports Med. 41(1):58-63, 2013
- Seeley M et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of acute patellar dislocation in children: patterns of injury and risk factors for recurrence. J Pediatr Orthop. 32(2):145-55, 2012
- Diederichs G et al: MR imaging of patellar instability: injury patterns and assessment of risk factors. Radiographics. 2010 Jul-Aug;30(4):961-81. Erratum in: Radiographics. 31(2):624, 2011
- Sillanpää PJ et al: Femoral avulsion of the medial patellofemoral ligament after primary traumatic patellar dislocation predicts subsequent instability in men: a mean 7-year nonoperative follow-up study. Am J Sports Med. 37(8):1513-21, 2009
- Dirim B et al: Medial patellofemoral ligament: cadaveric investigation of anatomy with MRI, MR arthrography, and histologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 191(2):490-8, 2008
- Morrison W: Imaging of the Knee: In Problem Solving in Musculoskeletal Radiology. Philadelphia: Mosby. 587-633, 2008
- Amis AA et al: Anatomy and biomechanics of the medial patellofemoral ligament. Knee. 2003 Sep;10(3):215-20. Review. Erratum in: Knee. 11(1):73, 2004
- Shabshin N et al: MRI criteria for patella alta and baja. Skeletal Radiol. 33(8):445-50, 2004
- Elias DA et al: Acute lateral patellar dislocation at MR imaging: injury patterns of medial patellar soft-tissue restraints and osteochondral injuries of the inferomedial patella. Radiology. 225(3):736-43, 2002
- Pfirrmann CW et al: Femoral trochlear dysplasia: MR findings. Radiology. 216(3):858-64, 2000
- Sanders TG et al: Bone contusion patterns of the knee at MR imaging: footprint of the mechanism of injury. Radiographics. 20 Spec No:S135-51, 2000
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Transient patellar dislocation (TPD)
Definitions
- Lateral dislocation of patella from direct/indirect injury
- Dislocation/relocation → shearing, tensile, & compressive forces → injuries of medial patella, lateral femur, & soft tissues
- Shearing & tensile forces during dislocation → patellar & ligamentous injury
- Compressive & shearing forces during relocation → femoral & patellar injury
Associated Syndromes
- Syndromes with ligamentous laxity (e.g., Ehlers-Danlos or Marfan syndrome) are predisposed to TPD
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Selected References
- Meyers AB et al: Imaging assessment of patellar instability and its treatment in children and adolescents. Pediatr Radiol. 46(5):618-36, 2016
- Torabi M et al: MRI evaluation and complications of medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction. Clin Imaging. 39(1):116-7, 2015
- Ho CP et al: Systematic technique-dependent differences in CT versus MRI measurement of the tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance. Am J Sports Med. 43(3):675-82, 2015
- Dickens AJ et al: Tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance: defining normal in a pediatric population. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 96(4):318-24, 2014
- Nelitz M et al: Anatomic reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament in children and adolescents with open growth plates: surgical technique and clinical outcome. Am J Sports Med. 41(1):58-63, 2013
- Seeley M et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of acute patellar dislocation in children: patterns of injury and risk factors for recurrence. J Pediatr Orthop. 32(2):145-55, 2012
- Diederichs G et al: MR imaging of patellar instability: injury patterns and assessment of risk factors. Radiographics. 2010 Jul-Aug;30(4):961-81. Erratum in: Radiographics. 31(2):624, 2011
- Sillanpää PJ et al: Femoral avulsion of the medial patellofemoral ligament after primary traumatic patellar dislocation predicts subsequent instability in men: a mean 7-year nonoperative follow-up study. Am J Sports Med. 37(8):1513-21, 2009
- Dirim B et al: Medial patellofemoral ligament: cadaveric investigation of anatomy with MRI, MR arthrography, and histologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 191(2):490-8, 2008
- Morrison W: Imaging of the Knee: In Problem Solving in Musculoskeletal Radiology. Philadelphia: Mosby. 587-633, 2008
- Amis AA et al: Anatomy and biomechanics of the medial patellofemoral ligament. Knee. 2003 Sep;10(3):215-20. Review. Erratum in: Knee. 11(1):73, 2004
- Shabshin N et al: MRI criteria for patella alta and baja. Skeletal Radiol. 33(8):445-50, 2004
- Elias DA et al: Acute lateral patellar dislocation at MR imaging: injury patterns of medial patellar soft-tissue restraints and osteochondral injuries of the inferomedial patella. Radiology. 225(3):736-43, 2002
- Pfirrmann CW et al: Femoral trochlear dysplasia: MR findings. Radiology. 216(3):858-64, 2000
- Sanders TG et al: Bone contusion patterns of the knee at MR imaging: footprint of the mechanism of injury. Radiographics. 20 Spec No:S135-51, 2000
