Noncyclic, intermittent or constant pelvic pain for > 6 months attributed to ovarian vein reflux and congestion of pelvic veins
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Brown CL et al: Pelvic congestion syndrome: systematic review of treatment success. Semin Intervent Radiol. 35(1):35-40, 2018
Steenbeek MP et al: Noninvasive diagnostic tools for pelvic congestion syndrome: a systematic review. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 97(7):776-86, 2018
Borghi C et al: Pelvic congestion syndrome: the current state of the literature. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 293(2):291-301, 2016
Knuttinen MG et al: Pelvic venous insufficiency: imaging diagnosis, treatment approaches, and therapeutic issues. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 204(2):448-58, 2015
Nasser F et al: Safety, efficacy, and prognostic factors in endovascular treatment of pelvic congestion syndrome. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 125(1):65-8, 2014
Lopera J et al: Role of interventional procedures in obstetrics/gynecology. Radiol Clin North Am. 51(6):1049-66, 2013
Rane N et al: Pelvic congestion syndrome. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 42(4):135-40, 2013
Ball E et al: Does pelvic venous congestion syndrome exist and can it be treated? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 91(5):525-8, 2012
Kies DD et al: Pelvic congestion syndrome: a review of current diagnostic and minimally invasive treatment modalities. Phlebology. 27 Suppl 1:52-7, 2012
Smith PC: The outcome of treatment for pelvic congestion syndrome. Phlebology. 27 Suppl 1:74-7, 2012
Freedman J et al: Pelvic congestion syndrome: the role of interventional radiology in the treatment of chronic pelvic pain. Postgrad Med J. 86(1022):704-10, 2010
Asciutto G et al: Pelvic venous incompetence: reflux patterns and treatment results. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 38(3):381-6, 2009
Asciutto G et al: MR venography in the detection of pelvic venous congestion. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 36(4):491-6, 2008
Creton D et al: Embolisation of symptomatic pelvic veins in women presenting with non-saphenous varicose veins of pelvic origin - three-year follow-up. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 34(1):112-7, 2007
Ganeshan A et al: Chronic pelvic pain due to pelvic congestion syndrome: the role of diagnostic and interventional radiology. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 30(6):1105-11, 2007
Koc Z et al: Association of left renal vein variations and pelvic varices in abdominal MDCT. Eur Radiol. 17(5):1267-74, 2007
Liddle AD et al: Pelvic congestion syndrome: chronic pelvic pain caused by ovarian and internal iliac varices. Phlebology. 22(3):100-4, 2007
Cheong Y et al: Chronic pelvic pain: aetiology and therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 20(5):695-711, 2006
Kim HS et al: Embolotherapy for pelvic congestion syndrome: long-term results. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 17(2 Pt 1):289-97, 2006
Nicholson T et al: Pelvic congestion syndrome, who should we treat and how? Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 9(1):19-23, 2006
Noncyclic, intermittent or constant pelvic pain for > 6 months attributed to ovarian vein reflux and congestion of pelvic veins
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Brown CL et al: Pelvic congestion syndrome: systematic review of treatment success. Semin Intervent Radiol. 35(1):35-40, 2018
Steenbeek MP et al: Noninvasive diagnostic tools for pelvic congestion syndrome: a systematic review. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 97(7):776-86, 2018
Borghi C et al: Pelvic congestion syndrome: the current state of the literature. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 293(2):291-301, 2016
Knuttinen MG et al: Pelvic venous insufficiency: imaging diagnosis, treatment approaches, and therapeutic issues. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 204(2):448-58, 2015
Nasser F et al: Safety, efficacy, and prognostic factors in endovascular treatment of pelvic congestion syndrome. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 125(1):65-8, 2014
Lopera J et al: Role of interventional procedures in obstetrics/gynecology. Radiol Clin North Am. 51(6):1049-66, 2013
Rane N et al: Pelvic congestion syndrome. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 42(4):135-40, 2013
Ball E et al: Does pelvic venous congestion syndrome exist and can it be treated? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 91(5):525-8, 2012
Kies DD et al: Pelvic congestion syndrome: a review of current diagnostic and minimally invasive treatment modalities. Phlebology. 27 Suppl 1:52-7, 2012
Smith PC: The outcome of treatment for pelvic congestion syndrome. Phlebology. 27 Suppl 1:74-7, 2012
Freedman J et al: Pelvic congestion syndrome: the role of interventional radiology in the treatment of chronic pelvic pain. Postgrad Med J. 86(1022):704-10, 2010
Asciutto G et al: Pelvic venous incompetence: reflux patterns and treatment results. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 38(3):381-6, 2009
Asciutto G et al: MR venography in the detection of pelvic venous congestion. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 36(4):491-6, 2008
Creton D et al: Embolisation of symptomatic pelvic veins in women presenting with non-saphenous varicose veins of pelvic origin - three-year follow-up. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 34(1):112-7, 2007
Ganeshan A et al: Chronic pelvic pain due to pelvic congestion syndrome: the role of diagnostic and interventional radiology. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 30(6):1105-11, 2007
Koc Z et al: Association of left renal vein variations and pelvic varices in abdominal MDCT. Eur Radiol. 17(5):1267-74, 2007
Liddle AD et al: Pelvic congestion syndrome: chronic pelvic pain caused by ovarian and internal iliac varices. Phlebology. 22(3):100-4, 2007
Cheong Y et al: Chronic pelvic pain: aetiology and therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 20(5):695-711, 2006
Kim HS et al: Embolotherapy for pelvic congestion syndrome: long-term results. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 17(2 Pt 1):289-97, 2006
Nicholson T et al: Pelvic congestion syndrome, who should we treat and how? Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 9(1):19-23, 2006
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