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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS)
Synonyms
- Pelvic venous incompetence, pelvic vein syndrome, pelvic varices
Definitions
- Noncyclical chronic pelvic pain caused by dilated veins in uterus, broad ligament, and ovarian plexus
- Sidewall, paravaginal, and internal iliac varicosities may be present
- Occasionally pelvic varices communicate with vulvar and lower extremity varicosities
- First described by Richet in 1857
- Chronic dull pelvic pain, pressure, and heaviness: Result of dilated tortuous and congested veins caused by retrograde flow through incompetent ovarian vein valves
- Noncyclical chronic pelvic pain caused by dilated veins in uterus, broad ligament, and ovarian plexus
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
- Nasser F et al: Safety, efficacy, and prognostic factors in endovascular treatment of pelvic congestion syndrome. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 125(1):65-8, 2014
- Durham JD et al: Pelvic congestion syndrome. Semin Intervent Radiol. 30(4):372-380, 2013
- Rane N et al: Pelvic congestion syndrome. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 42(4):135-40, 2013
- Ball E et al: Does pelvic venous congestion syndrome exist and can it be treated? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 91(5):525-8, 2012
- Kies DD et al: Pelvic congestion syndrome: a review of current diagnostic and minimally invasive treatment modalities. Phlebology. 27 Suppl 1:52-7, 2012
- Smith PC: The outcome of treatment for pelvic congestion syndrome. Phlebology. 27 Suppl 1:74-7, 2012
- Freedman J et al: Pelvic congestion syndrome: the role of interventional radiology in the treatment of chronic pelvic pain. Postgrad Med J. 86(1022):704-10, 2010
- Asciutto G et al: Pelvic venous incompetence: reflux patterns and treatment results. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 38(3):381-6, 2009
- Asciutto G et al: MR venography in the detection of pelvic venous congestion. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 36(4):491-6, 2008
- Creton D et al: Embolisation of symptomatic pelvic veins in women presenting with non-saphenous varicose veins of pelvic origin - three-year follow-up. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 34(1):112-7, 2007
- Ganeshan A et al: Chronic pelvic pain due to pelvic congestion syndrome: the role of diagnostic and interventional radiology. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 30(6):1105-11, 2007
- Koc Z et al: Association of left renal vein variations and pelvic varices in abdominal MDCT. Eur Radiol. 17(5):1267-74, 2007
- Liddle AD et al: Pelvic congestion syndrome: chronic pelvic pain caused by ovarian and internal iliac varices. Phlebology. 22(3):100-4, 2007
- Cheong Y et al: Chronic pelvic pain: aetiology and therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 20(5):695-711, 2006
- Kim HS et al: Embolotherapy for pelvic congestion syndrome: long-term results. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 17(2 Pt 1):289-97, 2006
- Nicholson T et al: Pelvic congestion syndrome, who should we treat and how? Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 9(1):19-23, 2006
- Fleischer AC: Recent advances in the sonographic assessment of vascularity and blood flow in gynecologic conditions. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 193(1):294-301, 2005
- Park SJ et al: Diagnosis of pelvic congestion syndrome using transabdominal and transvaginal sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 182(3):683-8, 2004
- Polat P et al: Color Doppler US in the evaluation of uterine vascular abnormalities. Radiographics. 22(1):47-53, 2002
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS)
Synonyms
- Pelvic venous incompetence, pelvic vein syndrome, pelvic varices
Definitions
- Noncyclical chronic pelvic pain caused by dilated veins in uterus, broad ligament, and ovarian plexus
- Sidewall, paravaginal, and internal iliac varicosities may be present
- Occasionally pelvic varices communicate with vulvar and lower extremity varicosities
- First described by Richet in 1857
- Chronic dull pelvic pain, pressure, and heaviness: Result of dilated tortuous and congested veins caused by retrograde flow through incompetent ovarian vein valves
- Noncyclical chronic pelvic pain caused by dilated veins in uterus, broad ligament, and ovarian plexus
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
- Nasser F et al: Safety, efficacy, and prognostic factors in endovascular treatment of pelvic congestion syndrome. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 125(1):65-8, 2014
- Durham JD et al: Pelvic congestion syndrome. Semin Intervent Radiol. 30(4):372-380, 2013
- Rane N et al: Pelvic congestion syndrome. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 42(4):135-40, 2013
- Ball E et al: Does pelvic venous congestion syndrome exist and can it be treated? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 91(5):525-8, 2012
- Kies DD et al: Pelvic congestion syndrome: a review of current diagnostic and minimally invasive treatment modalities. Phlebology. 27 Suppl 1:52-7, 2012
- Smith PC: The outcome of treatment for pelvic congestion syndrome. Phlebology. 27 Suppl 1:74-7, 2012
- Freedman J et al: Pelvic congestion syndrome: the role of interventional radiology in the treatment of chronic pelvic pain. Postgrad Med J. 86(1022):704-10, 2010
- Asciutto G et al: Pelvic venous incompetence: reflux patterns and treatment results. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 38(3):381-6, 2009
- Asciutto G et al: MR venography in the detection of pelvic venous congestion. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 36(4):491-6, 2008
- Creton D et al: Embolisation of symptomatic pelvic veins in women presenting with non-saphenous varicose veins of pelvic origin - three-year follow-up. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 34(1):112-7, 2007
- Ganeshan A et al: Chronic pelvic pain due to pelvic congestion syndrome: the role of diagnostic and interventional radiology. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 30(6):1105-11, 2007
- Koc Z et al: Association of left renal vein variations and pelvic varices in abdominal MDCT. Eur Radiol. 17(5):1267-74, 2007
- Liddle AD et al: Pelvic congestion syndrome: chronic pelvic pain caused by ovarian and internal iliac varices. Phlebology. 22(3):100-4, 2007
- Cheong Y et al: Chronic pelvic pain: aetiology and therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 20(5):695-711, 2006
- Kim HS et al: Embolotherapy for pelvic congestion syndrome: long-term results. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 17(2 Pt 1):289-97, 2006
- Nicholson T et al: Pelvic congestion syndrome, who should we treat and how? Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 9(1):19-23, 2006
- Fleischer AC: Recent advances in the sonographic assessment of vascularity and blood flow in gynecologic conditions. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 193(1):294-301, 2005
- Park SJ et al: Diagnosis of pelvic congestion syndrome using transabdominal and transvaginal sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 182(3):683-8, 2004
- Polat P et al: Color Doppler US in the evaluation of uterine vascular abnormalities. Radiographics. 22(1):47-53, 2002
