PID: Collective term for acute pyogenic inflammatory disease of upper female genital tract, encompassing inflammation of endometrium (endometritis), cervix (cervicitis), fallopian tubes (salpingitis), ovaries (oophoritis), and peritoneal cavity (peritonitis)
TOA: Severe end of PID spectrum resulting in destruction of normal structures with formation of inflammatory mass encompassing both fallopian tube and ovary
Imaging
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
Differential Diagnosis
Other Causes of Pelvic Infection
Other Causes of Acute Pelvic Pain
Other Causes of Distended Fallopian Tube
Other Causes of Adnexal Mass
Pathology
General Features
Microscopic Features
Clinical Issues
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Diagnostic Checklist
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Revzin MV et al: Imaging evaluation of fallopian tubes and related disease: a primer for radiologists. Radiographics. 40(5):1473-501, 2020
Czeyda-Pommersheim F et al: MRI in pelvic inflammatory disease: a pictorial review. Abdom Radiol (NY). 42(3):935-50, 2017
Spain J et al: MDCT of pelvic inflammatory disease: a review of the pathophysiology, gamut of imaging findings, and treatment. Emerg Radiol. 24(1):87-93, 2017
Revzin MV et al: Pelvic inflammatory disease: multimodality imaging approach with clinical-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 36(5):1579-96, 2016
Lee MH et al: CT findings of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Abdom Imaging. 39(6):1350-5, 2014
Romosan G et al: The sensitivity and specificity of transvaginal ultrasound with regard to acute pelvic inflammatory disease: a review of the literature. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 289(4):705-14, 2014
Zhao WH et al: Pelvic inflammatory disease: a retrospective clinical analysis of 1,922 cases in North China. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 77(3):169-75, 2014
Greenstein Y et al: Tuboovarian abscess. Factors associated with operative intervention after failed antibiotic therapy. J Reprod Med. 58(3-4):101-6, 2013
Mitchell C et al: Pelvic inflammatory disease: current concepts in pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 27(4):793-809, 2013
Nakayama K et al: Surgical treatment outcomes of serious chronic tubo-ovarian abscess: a single-center series of 20 cases. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 40(3):377-80, 2013
Romosan G et al: Ultrasound for diagnosing acute salpingitis: a prospective observational diagnostic study. Hum Reprod. 28(6):1569-79, 2013
Chappell CA et al: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of severe pelvic inflammatory disease and tuboovarian abscess. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 55(4):893-903, 2012
Lewiss RE et al: Sonographic cervical motion tenderness: a sign found in a patient with pelvic inflammatory disease. Crit Ultrasound J. 4(1):20, 2012
Thomassin-Naggara I et al: Gynecological pelvic infection: what is the role of imaging? Diagn Interv Imaging. 93(6):491-9, 2012
Cicchiello LA et al: Ultrasound evaluation of gynecologic causes of pelvic pain. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 38(1):85-114, viii, 2011
Levenson RB et al: Image-guided drainage of tuboovarian abscesses of gastrointestinal or genitourinary origin: a retrospective analysis. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 22(5):678-86, 2011
Rezvani M et al: Fallopian tube disease in the nonpregnant patient. Radiographics. 31(2):527-48, 2011
Banikarim C et al: Pelvic inflammatory disease in adolescents. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. 16(3):175-80, 2005
Barrett S et al: A review on pelvic inflammatory disease. Int J STD AIDS. 16(11):715-20; quiz 721, 2005
Banikarim C et al: Pelvic inflammatory disease in adolescents. Adolesc Med Clin. 15(2):273-85, viii, 2004
Krivak TC et al: Tubo-ovarian abscess: diagnosis, medical and surgical management. Compr Ther. 30(2):93-100, 2004
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Tuboovarian abscess (TOA)
Definitions
PID: Collective term for acute pyogenic inflammatory disease of upper female genital tract, encompassing inflammation of endometrium (endometritis), cervix (cervicitis), fallopian tubes (salpingitis), ovaries (oophoritis), and peritoneal cavity (peritonitis)
TOA: Severe end of PID spectrum resulting in destruction of normal structures with formation of inflammatory mass encompassing both fallopian tube and ovary
Imaging
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
Differential Diagnosis
Other Causes of Pelvic Infection
Other Causes of Acute Pelvic Pain
Other Causes of Distended Fallopian Tube
Other Causes of Adnexal Mass
Pathology
General Features
Microscopic Features
Clinical Issues
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Diagnostic Checklist
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Revzin MV et al: Imaging evaluation of fallopian tubes and related disease: a primer for radiologists. Radiographics. 40(5):1473-501, 2020
Czeyda-Pommersheim F et al: MRI in pelvic inflammatory disease: a pictorial review. Abdom Radiol (NY). 42(3):935-50, 2017
Spain J et al: MDCT of pelvic inflammatory disease: a review of the pathophysiology, gamut of imaging findings, and treatment. Emerg Radiol. 24(1):87-93, 2017
Revzin MV et al: Pelvic inflammatory disease: multimodality imaging approach with clinical-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 36(5):1579-96, 2016
Lee MH et al: CT findings of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Abdom Imaging. 39(6):1350-5, 2014
Romosan G et al: The sensitivity and specificity of transvaginal ultrasound with regard to acute pelvic inflammatory disease: a review of the literature. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 289(4):705-14, 2014
Zhao WH et al: Pelvic inflammatory disease: a retrospective clinical analysis of 1,922 cases in North China. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 77(3):169-75, 2014
Greenstein Y et al: Tuboovarian abscess. Factors associated with operative intervention after failed antibiotic therapy. J Reprod Med. 58(3-4):101-6, 2013
Mitchell C et al: Pelvic inflammatory disease: current concepts in pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 27(4):793-809, 2013
Nakayama K et al: Surgical treatment outcomes of serious chronic tubo-ovarian abscess: a single-center series of 20 cases. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 40(3):377-80, 2013
Romosan G et al: Ultrasound for diagnosing acute salpingitis: a prospective observational diagnostic study. Hum Reprod. 28(6):1569-79, 2013
Chappell CA et al: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of severe pelvic inflammatory disease and tuboovarian abscess. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 55(4):893-903, 2012
Lewiss RE et al: Sonographic cervical motion tenderness: a sign found in a patient with pelvic inflammatory disease. Crit Ultrasound J. 4(1):20, 2012
Thomassin-Naggara I et al: Gynecological pelvic infection: what is the role of imaging? Diagn Interv Imaging. 93(6):491-9, 2012
Cicchiello LA et al: Ultrasound evaluation of gynecologic causes of pelvic pain. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 38(1):85-114, viii, 2011
Levenson RB et al: Image-guided drainage of tuboovarian abscesses of gastrointestinal or genitourinary origin: a retrospective analysis. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 22(5):678-86, 2011
Rezvani M et al: Fallopian tube disease in the nonpregnant patient. Radiographics. 31(2):527-48, 2011
Banikarim C et al: Pelvic inflammatory disease in adolescents. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. 16(3):175-80, 2005
Barrett S et al: A review on pelvic inflammatory disease. Int J STD AIDS. 16(11):715-20; quiz 721, 2005
Banikarim C et al: Pelvic inflammatory disease in adolescents. Adolesc Med Clin. 15(2):273-85, viii, 2004