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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Perineural tumor spread (PNT)
Definitions
- Malignant tumor spread along sheath of large nerves distant from 1° site
- Epineurium & perineurium involved more than endoneurium
- Malignant tumor spread along sheath of large nerves distant from 1° site
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
- Bakst RL et al: Mechanisms of perineural invasion. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 77(2):96-106, 2016
- Brown IS: Pathology of perineural spread. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 77(2):124-30, 2016
- Deborde S et al: Schwann cells induce cancer cell dispersion and invasion. J Clin Invest. 126(4):1538-54, 2016
- Stambuk HE: Perineural tumor spread involving the central skull base region. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 34(5):445-58, 2013
- Gandhi MR et al: Detecting and defining the anatomic extent of large nerve perineural spread of malignancy: comparing "targeted" MRI with the histologic findings following surgery. Head Neck. 33(4):469-75, 2011
- Grimm AR et al: Perineural spread to the cavernous sinus from cutaneous SCCa. Laryngoscope. 120 Suppl 4:S150, 2010
- Ong CK et al: Imaging of perineural spread in head and neck tumours. Cancer Imaging. 10 Spec no A:S92-8, 2010
- Ma J et al: Improving fat-suppressed T2-weighted imaging of the head and neck with 2 fast spin-echo dixon techniques: initial experiences. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 30(1):42-5, 2009
- Raghavan P et al: Imaging of the facial nerve. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 19(3):407-25, 2009
- Warden KF et al: Perineural spread of cancer along the three trigeminal divisions. J Neuroophthalmol. 29(4):300-7, 2009
- Lee KJ et al: Determination of perineural invasion preoperatively on radiographic images. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 139(2):275-80, 2008
- Lee TJ et al: Perineural spread of melanoma demonstrated by F-18 FDG PET With MRI and pathologic correlation. Clin Nucl Med. 33(2):106-8, 2008
- Lee YY et al: Imaging of salivary gland tumours. Eur J Radiol. 66(3):419-36, 2008
- Maroldi R et al: Perineural tumor spread. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 18(2):413-29, xi, 2008
- Nakahara T et al: Detection of perineural tumor invasion of the head and neck: clinical use of thallium-201 SPECT/CT image fusion. Clin Nucl Med. 33(8):567-70, 2008
- Hanna E et al: The sensitivity and specificity of high-resolution imaging in evaluating perineural spread of adenoid cystic carcinoma to the skull base. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 133(6):541-5, 2007
- Ibrahim M et al: Imaging nuances of perineural spread of head and neck malignancies. J Neuroophthalmol. 27(2):129-37, 2007
- Mendenhall WM et al: Skin cancer of the head and neck with perineural invasion. Am J Clin Oncol. 30(1):93-6, 2007
- Nemec SF et al: Perineural tumor spread in malignant head and neck tumors. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 18(6):467-71, 2007
- Raghavan P et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of sinonasal malignancies. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 18(4):259-67, 2007
- VandeVyver V et al: MRI findings of the normal and diseased trigeminal nerve ganglion and branches: a pictorial review. JBR-BTR. 90(4):272-7, 2007
- Zima AJ et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of oropharyngeal cancer. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 18(4):237-42, 2007
- Nogajski JH et al: Perineural spread of facial squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Neurosci. 13(3):400-3, 2006
- Yousem DM et al: Resectability issues with head and neck cancer. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 27(10):2024-36, 2006
- Chang PC et al: Perineural spread of malignant melanoma of the head and neck: clinical and imaging features. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 25(1):5-11, 2004
- Chong V: Imaging the cranial nerves in cancer. Cancer Imaging. 4 Spec No A:S1-5, 2004
- Curtin HD: Detection of perineural spread: fat suppression versus no fat suppression. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 25(1):1-3, 2004
- Gandhi D et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of perineural spread of head and neck malignancies. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 15(2):79-85, 2004
- Ginsberg LE: MR imaging of perineural tumor spread. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 10(3):511-25, vi, 2002
- Mendenhall WM et al: Carcinoma of the skin of the head and neck with perineural invasion. Head Neck. 24(1):78-83, 2002
- Schmalfuss IM et al: Perineural tumor spread along the auriculotemporal nerve. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 23(2):303-11, 2002
- Williams LS et al: Perineural spread of cutaneous squamous and basal cell carcinoma: CT and MR detection and its impact on patient management and prognosis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 49(4):1061-9, 2001
- Boerman RH et al: Trigeminal neuropathy secondary to perineural invasion of head and neck carcinomas. Neurology. 53(1):213-6, 1999
- Ginsberg LE: Imaging of perineural tumor spread in head and neck cancer. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 20(3):175-86, 1999
- Caldemeyer KS et al: Imaging features and clinical significance of perineural spread or extension of head and neck tumors. Radiographics. 18(1):97-110; quiz 147, 1998
- Curtin HD: Detection of perineural spread: fat is a friend. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 19(8):1385-6, 1998
- Ginsberg LE et al: Greater superficial petrosal nerve: anatomy and MR findings in perineural tumor spread. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 17(2):389-93, 1996
- Parker GD et al: Clinical-radiologic issues in perineural tumor spread of malignant diseases of the extracranial head and neck. Radiographics. 11(3):383-99, 1991
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Perineural tumor spread (PNT)
Definitions
- Malignant tumor spread along sheath of large nerves distant from 1° site
- Epineurium & perineurium involved more than endoneurium
- Malignant tumor spread along sheath of large nerves distant from 1° site
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
- Bakst RL et al: Mechanisms of perineural invasion. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 77(2):96-106, 2016
- Brown IS: Pathology of perineural spread. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 77(2):124-30, 2016
- Deborde S et al: Schwann cells induce cancer cell dispersion and invasion. J Clin Invest. 126(4):1538-54, 2016
- Stambuk HE: Perineural tumor spread involving the central skull base region. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 34(5):445-58, 2013
- Gandhi MR et al: Detecting and defining the anatomic extent of large nerve perineural spread of malignancy: comparing "targeted" MRI with the histologic findings following surgery. Head Neck. 33(4):469-75, 2011
- Grimm AR et al: Perineural spread to the cavernous sinus from cutaneous SCCa. Laryngoscope. 120 Suppl 4:S150, 2010
- Ong CK et al: Imaging of perineural spread in head and neck tumours. Cancer Imaging. 10 Spec no A:S92-8, 2010
- Ma J et al: Improving fat-suppressed T2-weighted imaging of the head and neck with 2 fast spin-echo dixon techniques: initial experiences. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 30(1):42-5, 2009
- Raghavan P et al: Imaging of the facial nerve. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 19(3):407-25, 2009
- Warden KF et al: Perineural spread of cancer along the three trigeminal divisions. J Neuroophthalmol. 29(4):300-7, 2009
- Lee KJ et al: Determination of perineural invasion preoperatively on radiographic images. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 139(2):275-80, 2008
- Lee TJ et al: Perineural spread of melanoma demonstrated by F-18 FDG PET With MRI and pathologic correlation. Clin Nucl Med. 33(2):106-8, 2008
- Lee YY et al: Imaging of salivary gland tumours. Eur J Radiol. 66(3):419-36, 2008
- Maroldi R et al: Perineural tumor spread. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 18(2):413-29, xi, 2008
- Nakahara T et al: Detection of perineural tumor invasion of the head and neck: clinical use of thallium-201 SPECT/CT image fusion. Clin Nucl Med. 33(8):567-70, 2008
- Hanna E et al: The sensitivity and specificity of high-resolution imaging in evaluating perineural spread of adenoid cystic carcinoma to the skull base. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 133(6):541-5, 2007
- Ibrahim M et al: Imaging nuances of perineural spread of head and neck malignancies. J Neuroophthalmol. 27(2):129-37, 2007
- Mendenhall WM et al: Skin cancer of the head and neck with perineural invasion. Am J Clin Oncol. 30(1):93-6, 2007
- Nemec SF et al: Perineural tumor spread in malignant head and neck tumors. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 18(6):467-71, 2007
- Raghavan P et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of sinonasal malignancies. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 18(4):259-67, 2007
- VandeVyver V et al: MRI findings of the normal and diseased trigeminal nerve ganglion and branches: a pictorial review. JBR-BTR. 90(4):272-7, 2007
- Zima AJ et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of oropharyngeal cancer. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 18(4):237-42, 2007
- Nogajski JH et al: Perineural spread of facial squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Neurosci. 13(3):400-3, 2006
- Yousem DM et al: Resectability issues with head and neck cancer. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 27(10):2024-36, 2006
- Chang PC et al: Perineural spread of malignant melanoma of the head and neck: clinical and imaging features. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 25(1):5-11, 2004
- Chong V: Imaging the cranial nerves in cancer. Cancer Imaging. 4 Spec No A:S1-5, 2004
- Curtin HD: Detection of perineural spread: fat suppression versus no fat suppression. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 25(1):1-3, 2004
- Gandhi D et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of perineural spread of head and neck malignancies. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 15(2):79-85, 2004
- Ginsberg LE: MR imaging of perineural tumor spread. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 10(3):511-25, vi, 2002
- Mendenhall WM et al: Carcinoma of the skin of the head and neck with perineural invasion. Head Neck. 24(1):78-83, 2002
- Schmalfuss IM et al: Perineural tumor spread along the auriculotemporal nerve. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 23(2):303-11, 2002
- Williams LS et al: Perineural spread of cutaneous squamous and basal cell carcinoma: CT and MR detection and its impact on patient management and prognosis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 49(4):1061-9, 2001
- Boerman RH et al: Trigeminal neuropathy secondary to perineural invasion of head and neck carcinomas. Neurology. 53(1):213-6, 1999
- Ginsberg LE: Imaging of perineural tumor spread in head and neck cancer. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 20(3):175-86, 1999
- Caldemeyer KS et al: Imaging features and clinical significance of perineural spread or extension of head and neck tumors. Radiographics. 18(1):97-110; quiz 147, 1998
- Curtin HD: Detection of perineural spread: fat is a friend. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 19(8):1385-6, 1998
- Ginsberg LE et al: Greater superficial petrosal nerve: anatomy and MR findings in perineural tumor spread. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 17(2):389-93, 1996
- Parker GD et al: Clinical-radiologic issues in perineural tumor spread of malignant diseases of the extracranial head and neck. Radiographics. 11(3):383-99, 1991
