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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA)
Synonyms
- Cholangiocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic CCA
Definitions
- CCA: Adenocarcinoma arising from bile duct epithelium (cholangiocytes)
- Types based on anatomic location
- Peripheral (intrahepatic) CCA
- Arising from intrahepatic bile ducts distal to 2nd-order branches
- Perihilar CCA (Klatskin tumor)
- Originates from 1st-order branches of right and left hepatic ducts and bifurcation of both hepatic ducts
- Distal CCA
- Peripheral (intrahepatic) CCA
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Angiographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Other Modality Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Mantripragada S et al: Cholangiocarcinoma - part 2, tumoral and nontumoral mimics and imaging features helpful in differentiation. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. ePub, 2021
- Valle JW et al: Biliary tract cancer. Lancet. 397(10272):428-44, 2021
- Mamone G et al: The "peripheral wash-out sign" in hepatic malignant lesions. Abdom Radiol (NY). 44(8):2937-8, 2019
- Min JH et al: Intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma: arterial enhancement patterns at MRI and prognosis. Radiology. 290(3):691-9, 2019
- Rhee H et al: A proposal of imaging classification of intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma into ductal and parenchymal types: clinicopathologic significance. Eur Radiol. 29(6):3111-21, 2019
- Lo EC et al: Hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: imaging for diagnosis, tumor response to treatment and liver response to Radiation. Semin Radiat Oncol. 28(4):267-6, 2018
- Sammon J et al: MRI features of combined hepatocellular- cholangiocarcinoma versus mass forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Imaging. 18(1):8, 2018
- Seo N et al: Cross-sectional imaging of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: development, growth, spread, and prognosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 209(2):W64-75, 2017
- Zhao YJ et al: Differentiation of mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma from poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma: based on the multivariate analysis of contrast-enhanced computed tomography findings. Abdom Radiol (NY). 41(5):978-89, 2016
- Tsunematsu S et al: Intratumoral artery on contrast-enhanced computed tomography imaging: differentiating intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma from poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma. Abdom Imaging. 40(6):1492-9, 2015
- Apisarnthanarak P et al: The CT appearances for differentiating of peripheral, mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma and liver meatastases from colorectal adenocarcinoma. J Med Assoc Thai. 97(4):415-22, 2014
- Roth CG et al: Hepatocellular carcinoma and other hepatic malignancies: MR imaging. Radiol Clin North Am. 52(4):683-707, 2014
- Hu XX et al: Retrospective analysis of prognostic factors after liver transplantation for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in China: a single-center experience. Hepatogastroenterology. 58(109):1255-9, 2011
- Jiang BG et al: Clinical parameters predicting survival duration after hepatectomy for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Can J Gastroenterol. 25(11):603-8, 2011
- Li YY et al: Clinicopathological characteristics of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatogastroenterology. 58(110-111):1787-90, 2011
- Yamamoto M et al: Surgical outcomes of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Surg Today. 41(7):896-902, 2011
- Senda Y et al: Value of multidetector row CT in the assessment of longitudinal extension of cholangiocarcinoma: correlation between MDCT and microscopic findings. World J Surg. 33(7):1459-67, 2009
- Singal A et al: Role of liver transplantation in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 9(4):491-502, 2009
- Menias CO et al: Mimics of cholangiocarcinoma: spectrum of disease. Radiographics. 28(4):1115-29, 2008
- Asayama Y et al: Delayed-phase dynamic CT enhancement as a prognostic factor for mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Radiology. 238(1):150-5, 2006
- Ebied O et al: Hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma: helical computed tomography findings in 30 patients. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 27(2):117-24, 2003
- Lim JH: Cholangiocarcinoma: morphologic classification according to growth pattern and imaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 181(3):819-27, 2003
- Maetani Y et al: MR imaging of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 176(6):1499-507, 2001
- Kim TK et al: Peripheral cholangiocarcinoma of the liver: two-phase spiral CT findings. Radiology. 204(2):539-43, 1997
- Lacomis JM et al: Cholangiocarcinoma: delayed CT contrast enhancement patterns. Radiology. 203(1):98-104, 1997
- Soyer P et al: Imaging of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: 1. Peripheral cholangiocarcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 165(6):1427-31, 1995
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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA)
Synonyms
- Cholangiocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic CCA
Definitions
- CCA: Adenocarcinoma arising from bile duct epithelium (cholangiocytes)
- Types based on anatomic location
- Peripheral (intrahepatic) CCA
- Arising from intrahepatic bile ducts distal to 2nd-order branches
- Perihilar CCA (Klatskin tumor)
- Originates from 1st-order branches of right and left hepatic ducts and bifurcation of both hepatic ducts
- Distal CCA
- Peripheral (intrahepatic) CCA
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Angiographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Other Modality Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Mantripragada S et al: Cholangiocarcinoma - part 2, tumoral and nontumoral mimics and imaging features helpful in differentiation. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. ePub, 2021
- Valle JW et al: Biliary tract cancer. Lancet. 397(10272):428-44, 2021
- Mamone G et al: The "peripheral wash-out sign" in hepatic malignant lesions. Abdom Radiol (NY). 44(8):2937-8, 2019
- Min JH et al: Intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma: arterial enhancement patterns at MRI and prognosis. Radiology. 290(3):691-9, 2019
- Rhee H et al: A proposal of imaging classification of intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma into ductal and parenchymal types: clinicopathologic significance. Eur Radiol. 29(6):3111-21, 2019
- Lo EC et al: Hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: imaging for diagnosis, tumor response to treatment and liver response to Radiation. Semin Radiat Oncol. 28(4):267-6, 2018
- Sammon J et al: MRI features of combined hepatocellular- cholangiocarcinoma versus mass forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Imaging. 18(1):8, 2018
- Seo N et al: Cross-sectional imaging of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: development, growth, spread, and prognosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 209(2):W64-75, 2017
- Zhao YJ et al: Differentiation of mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma from poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma: based on the multivariate analysis of contrast-enhanced computed tomography findings. Abdom Radiol (NY). 41(5):978-89, 2016
- Tsunematsu S et al: Intratumoral artery on contrast-enhanced computed tomography imaging: differentiating intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma from poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma. Abdom Imaging. 40(6):1492-9, 2015
- Apisarnthanarak P et al: The CT appearances for differentiating of peripheral, mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma and liver meatastases from colorectal adenocarcinoma. J Med Assoc Thai. 97(4):415-22, 2014
- Roth CG et al: Hepatocellular carcinoma and other hepatic malignancies: MR imaging. Radiol Clin North Am. 52(4):683-707, 2014
- Hu XX et al: Retrospective analysis of prognostic factors after liver transplantation for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in China: a single-center experience. Hepatogastroenterology. 58(109):1255-9, 2011
- Jiang BG et al: Clinical parameters predicting survival duration after hepatectomy for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Can J Gastroenterol. 25(11):603-8, 2011
- Li YY et al: Clinicopathological characteristics of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatogastroenterology. 58(110-111):1787-90, 2011
- Yamamoto M et al: Surgical outcomes of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Surg Today. 41(7):896-902, 2011
- Senda Y et al: Value of multidetector row CT in the assessment of longitudinal extension of cholangiocarcinoma: correlation between MDCT and microscopic findings. World J Surg. 33(7):1459-67, 2009
- Singal A et al: Role of liver transplantation in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 9(4):491-502, 2009
- Menias CO et al: Mimics of cholangiocarcinoma: spectrum of disease. Radiographics. 28(4):1115-29, 2008
- Asayama Y et al: Delayed-phase dynamic CT enhancement as a prognostic factor for mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Radiology. 238(1):150-5, 2006
- Ebied O et al: Hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma: helical computed tomography findings in 30 patients. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 27(2):117-24, 2003
- Lim JH: Cholangiocarcinoma: morphologic classification according to growth pattern and imaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 181(3):819-27, 2003
- Maetani Y et al: MR imaging of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 176(6):1499-507, 2001
- Kim TK et al: Peripheral cholangiocarcinoma of the liver: two-phase spiral CT findings. Radiology. 204(2):539-43, 1997
- Lacomis JM et al: Cholangiocarcinoma: delayed CT contrast enhancement patterns. Radiology. 203(1):98-104, 1997
- Soyer P et al: Imaging of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: 1. Peripheral cholangiocarcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 165(6):1427-31, 1995
