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PET
Angela P. Bruner, PhD, DABRJohn Bailey, MD
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KEY FACTS

  • Positron Emission Tomography

    • 2D and 3D Acquisition Modes

      • Attenuation Correction

        TERMINOLOGY

        • Definitions

          • Positron emission tomography (PET)
            • Imaging of 511 keV gamma photons produced after annihilation
            • Ring of detectors surrounds patient and detects coincident gamma photons emitted, creating 3D image
          • Positrons (beta +)
            • Radioactive decay of positron emitters
            • Same mass as electrons but positively charged
            • Travel short distance before combining with free electrons and annihilating; annihilation produces 2 511 keV gamma ray photons
          • Positron emitter: Radionuclides that emit positrons (beta +)
            • Positron inside nucleus transforms into neutron (which remains in nucleus) and positron and neutrino (both of which are ejected from atom)
              • Secondary probability for electron capture: Electron combines with proton from nucleus to become neutron plus neutrino
                • e.g., F-18 has 97% probability of positron emission and 3% probability of electron capture
            • ρ⁺ (proton) → η (neutron) + β⁺ (positron) + ν (neutrino) + energy
            • Total # of protons (atomic number) decreased by 1
            • Total # of neutrons increased by 1
            • Mass # unchanged (= # of protons + # of neutrons)
          • Annihilation
            • When positron combines with electron
            • Mass of positron and electron converted to energy in form of 2 511 keV gamma photons given off in opposite directions (~ 180° apart)
            • 511 keV gamma photons part of electromagnetic family (move at speed of light, have no mass, and have no charge)

        IMAGING ANATOMY

        • PET Radionuclides

          • Flow of Data and Processing

            • PET Detector Array Design

              • PET Image Quality

                Imaging Features

                • 2D Direct Imaging

                  • 2D Cross-Plane Imaging

                    • 2D High-Sensitivity Imaging

                      • 3D Imaging

                        • PET/CT

                          • PET/MR

                            • Attenuation Correction

                              • Standard Uptake Value

                                • Quality Control

                                  • Artifacts

                                    Selected References

                                    1. Conti M et al: Physics of pure and non-pure positron emitters for PET: a review and a discussion. EJNMMI Phys. 3(1):8, 2016
                                    2. Ziessman HA et al. Nuclear Medicine: The Requisites, 4th Edition (Requisites in Radiology). Saunders, 2013
                                    3. Granov A et al. Positron Emission Tomography. Springer, 2013
                                    4. Chandra R. Nuclear Medicine Physics: The Basics, 7th Edition. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 2012
                                    5. Bushberg JT et al. The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging, 3rd Edition. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 2011
                                    6. Saha GB. Basics of PET Imaging: Physics, Chemistry, and Regulations. Springer, 2004
                                    7. Christian PE et al. Nuclear Medicine and PET: Technology and Techniques, 5th Edition. Mosby, 2004
                                    8. Valk PE et al. Positron Emission Tomography: Basic Science and Clinical Practice. Springer, 2002
                                    9. International Atomic Energy Agency. Cyclotron Produced Radionuclides: Physical Characteristics and Production Methods. http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/trs468_web.pdf. Accessed March 1, 2020
                                    Related Anatomy
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                                    References
                                    Tables

                                    Tables

                                    KEY FACTS

                                    • Positron Emission Tomography

                                      • 2D and 3D Acquisition Modes

                                        • Attenuation Correction

                                          TERMINOLOGY

                                          • Definitions

                                            • Positron emission tomography (PET)
                                              • Imaging of 511 keV gamma photons produced after annihilation
                                              • Ring of detectors surrounds patient and detects coincident gamma photons emitted, creating 3D image
                                            • Positrons (beta +)
                                              • Radioactive decay of positron emitters
                                              • Same mass as electrons but positively charged
                                              • Travel short distance before combining with free electrons and annihilating; annihilation produces 2 511 keV gamma ray photons
                                            • Positron emitter: Radionuclides that emit positrons (beta +)
                                              • Positron inside nucleus transforms into neutron (which remains in nucleus) and positron and neutrino (both of which are ejected from atom)
                                                • Secondary probability for electron capture: Electron combines with proton from nucleus to become neutron plus neutrino
                                                  • e.g., F-18 has 97% probability of positron emission and 3% probability of electron capture
                                              • ρ⁺ (proton) → η (neutron) + β⁺ (positron) + ν (neutrino) + energy
                                              • Total # of protons (atomic number) decreased by 1
                                              • Total # of neutrons increased by 1
                                              • Mass # unchanged (= # of protons + # of neutrons)
                                            • Annihilation
                                              • When positron combines with electron
                                              • Mass of positron and electron converted to energy in form of 2 511 keV gamma photons given off in opposite directions (~ 180° apart)
                                              • 511 keV gamma photons part of electromagnetic family (move at speed of light, have no mass, and have no charge)

                                          IMAGING ANATOMY

                                          • PET Radionuclides

                                            • Flow of Data and Processing

                                              • PET Detector Array Design

                                                • PET Image Quality

                                                  Imaging Features

                                                  • 2D Direct Imaging

                                                    • 2D Cross-Plane Imaging

                                                      • 2D High-Sensitivity Imaging

                                                        • 3D Imaging

                                                          • PET/CT

                                                            • PET/MR

                                                              • Attenuation Correction

                                                                • Standard Uptake Value

                                                                  • Quality Control

                                                                    • Artifacts

                                                                      Selected References

                                                                      1. Conti M et al: Physics of pure and non-pure positron emitters for PET: a review and a discussion. EJNMMI Phys. 3(1):8, 2016
                                                                      2. Ziessman HA et al. Nuclear Medicine: The Requisites, 4th Edition (Requisites in Radiology). Saunders, 2013
                                                                      3. Granov A et al. Positron Emission Tomography. Springer, 2013
                                                                      4. Chandra R. Nuclear Medicine Physics: The Basics, 7th Edition. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 2012
                                                                      5. Bushberg JT et al. The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging, 3rd Edition. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 2011
                                                                      6. Saha GB. Basics of PET Imaging: Physics, Chemistry, and Regulations. Springer, 2004
                                                                      7. Christian PE et al. Nuclear Medicine and PET: Technology and Techniques, 5th Edition. Mosby, 2004
                                                                      8. Valk PE et al. Positron Emission Tomography: Basic Science and Clinical Practice. Springer, 2002
                                                                      9. International Atomic Energy Agency. Cyclotron Produced Radionuclides: Physical Characteristics and Production Methods. http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/trs468_web.pdf. Accessed March 1, 2020