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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Ectopic pituitary bright spot
Definitions
- Congenital anomalies of pituitary stalk → potential hypothalamic/pituitary axis malfunction
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Scala M et al: Familial ROBO1 deletion associated with ectopic posterior pituitary, duplication of the pituitary stalk and anterior pituitary hypoplasia. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 32(1):95-99, 2019
- Alyahyawi N et al: Pituitary dysfunction in pediatric patients with optic nerve hypoplasia: a retrospective cohort study (1975-2014). Horm Res Paediatr. 89(1):22-30, 2018
- Boruah DK et al: Extra-pituitary cerebral anomalies in pediatric patients of ectopic neurohypophysis: an uncommon association. J Clin Imaging Sci. 7:19, 2017
- El Sanharawi I et al: High-resolution heavily T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of the pituitary stalk in children with ectopic neurohypophysis. Pediatr Radiol. 47(5):599-605, 2017
- Asakura Y et al: Combined pituitary hormone deficiency with unique pituitary dysplasia and morning glory syndrome related to a heterozygous PROKR2 mutation. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol. 24(1):27-32, 2015
- Kilday JP et al: Diabetes insipidus in pediatric germinomas of the suprasellar region: characteristic features and significance of the pituitary bright spot. J Neurooncol. 121(1):167-75, 2015
- Ören NC et al: Panhypopituitarism with ectopic posterior pituitary lobe, heterotopia, polymicrogyria, corpus callosum dysgenesis, and optic chiasm/nerve hypoplasia: is that an undefined neuronal migration syndrome? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. ePub, 2015
- Ramakrishnaiah RH et al: Reliability of magnetic resonance imaging for the detection of hypopituitarism in children with optic nerve hypoplasia. Ophthalmology. 121(1):387-91, 2014
- Ginat DT et al: Nasal hamartoma associated with duplicated pituitary. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 37(3):369-70, 2013
- Maeda Y et al: Clinical presentation of epignathus teratoma with cleft palate; and duplication of cranial base, tongue, mandible, and pituitary gland. J Craniofac Surg. 24(4):1486-91, 2013
- Manjila S et al: Duplication of the pituitary gland associated with multiple blastogenesis defects: Duplication of the pituitary gland (DPG)-plus syndrome. Case report and review of literature. Surg Neurol Int. 3:23, 2012
- Usta Y et al: Duplicated pituitary gland and odontoid process. A case report. Neuroradiol J. 25(3):360-3, 2012
- Kriström B et al: A novel mutation in the LHX3 gene is responsible for combined pituitary hormone deficiency, hearing impairment, and vertebral malformations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 6, 2009
- Tajima T et al: OTX2 loss of function mutation causes anophthalmia and combined pituitary hormone deficiency with a small anterior and ectopic posterior pituitary. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 94(1):314-9, 2009
- Kelberman D et al: SOX2 plays a critical role in the pituitary, forebrain, and eye during human embryonic development. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 93(5):1865-73, 2008
- Loddenkemper T et al: Pituitary stalk duplication in association with moya moya disease and bilateral morning glory disc anomaly - broadening the clinical spectrum of midline defects. J Neurol. 255(6):885-90, 2008
- Vieira TC et al: Central precocious puberty associated with pituitary duplication and midline defects. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 20(10):1141-4, 2007
- Huisman TA et al: Pituitary duplication and nasopharyngeal teratoma in a newborn: CT, MRI, US and correlative histopathological findings. Neuroradiology. 47(7):558-61, 2005
- Slavotinek A et al: Craniofacial defects of blastogenesis: duplication of pituitary with cleft palate and orophgaryngeal tumors. Am J Med Genet A. 135(1):13-20, 2005
- Shroff M et al: Basilar artery duplication associated with pituitary duplication: a new finding. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 24(5):956-61, 2003
- Cushman LJ et al: Genetic defects in the development and function of the anterior pituitary gland. Ann Med. 34(3):179-91, 2002
- Uchino A et al: Extreme fenestration of the basilar artery associated with cleft palate, nasopharyngeal mature teratoma, and hypophyseal duplication. Eur Radiol. 12(8):2087-90, 2002
- Burke M et al: Duplication of the hypophysis. Pediatr Neurosurg. 33(2):95-9, 2000
- Hamilton J et al: MR imaging in idiopathic growth hormone deficiency. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 19(9):1609-15, 1998
- Hamon-Kérautret M et al: Duplication of the pituitary gland in a newborn with median cleft face syndrome and nasal teratoma. Pediatr Radiol. 28(5):290-2, 1998
- Kollias SS et al: Review of the embryologic development of the pituitary gland and report of a case of hypophyseal duplication detected by MRI. Neuroradiology. 37(1):3-12, 1995
- Ryals BD et al: Duplication of the pituitary gland as shown by MR. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 14(1):137-9, 1993
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Ectopic pituitary bright spot
Definitions
- Congenital anomalies of pituitary stalk → potential hypothalamic/pituitary axis malfunction
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Scala M et al: Familial ROBO1 deletion associated with ectopic posterior pituitary, duplication of the pituitary stalk and anterior pituitary hypoplasia. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 32(1):95-99, 2019
- Alyahyawi N et al: Pituitary dysfunction in pediatric patients with optic nerve hypoplasia: a retrospective cohort study (1975-2014). Horm Res Paediatr. 89(1):22-30, 2018
- Boruah DK et al: Extra-pituitary cerebral anomalies in pediatric patients of ectopic neurohypophysis: an uncommon association. J Clin Imaging Sci. 7:19, 2017
- El Sanharawi I et al: High-resolution heavily T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of the pituitary stalk in children with ectopic neurohypophysis. Pediatr Radiol. 47(5):599-605, 2017
- Asakura Y et al: Combined pituitary hormone deficiency with unique pituitary dysplasia and morning glory syndrome related to a heterozygous PROKR2 mutation. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol. 24(1):27-32, 2015
- Kilday JP et al: Diabetes insipidus in pediatric germinomas of the suprasellar region: characteristic features and significance of the pituitary bright spot. J Neurooncol. 121(1):167-75, 2015
- Ören NC et al: Panhypopituitarism with ectopic posterior pituitary lobe, heterotopia, polymicrogyria, corpus callosum dysgenesis, and optic chiasm/nerve hypoplasia: is that an undefined neuronal migration syndrome? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. ePub, 2015
- Ramakrishnaiah RH et al: Reliability of magnetic resonance imaging for the detection of hypopituitarism in children with optic nerve hypoplasia. Ophthalmology. 121(1):387-91, 2014
- Ginat DT et al: Nasal hamartoma associated with duplicated pituitary. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 37(3):369-70, 2013
- Maeda Y et al: Clinical presentation of epignathus teratoma with cleft palate; and duplication of cranial base, tongue, mandible, and pituitary gland. J Craniofac Surg. 24(4):1486-91, 2013
- Manjila S et al: Duplication of the pituitary gland associated with multiple blastogenesis defects: Duplication of the pituitary gland (DPG)-plus syndrome. Case report and review of literature. Surg Neurol Int. 3:23, 2012
- Usta Y et al: Duplicated pituitary gland and odontoid process. A case report. Neuroradiol J. 25(3):360-3, 2012
- Kriström B et al: A novel mutation in the LHX3 gene is responsible for combined pituitary hormone deficiency, hearing impairment, and vertebral malformations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 6, 2009
- Tajima T et al: OTX2 loss of function mutation causes anophthalmia and combined pituitary hormone deficiency with a small anterior and ectopic posterior pituitary. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 94(1):314-9, 2009
- Kelberman D et al: SOX2 plays a critical role in the pituitary, forebrain, and eye during human embryonic development. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 93(5):1865-73, 2008
- Loddenkemper T et al: Pituitary stalk duplication in association with moya moya disease and bilateral morning glory disc anomaly - broadening the clinical spectrum of midline defects. J Neurol. 255(6):885-90, 2008
- Vieira TC et al: Central precocious puberty associated with pituitary duplication and midline defects. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 20(10):1141-4, 2007
- Huisman TA et al: Pituitary duplication and nasopharyngeal teratoma in a newborn: CT, MRI, US and correlative histopathological findings. Neuroradiology. 47(7):558-61, 2005
- Slavotinek A et al: Craniofacial defects of blastogenesis: duplication of pituitary with cleft palate and orophgaryngeal tumors. Am J Med Genet A. 135(1):13-20, 2005
- Shroff M et al: Basilar artery duplication associated with pituitary duplication: a new finding. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 24(5):956-61, 2003
- Cushman LJ et al: Genetic defects in the development and function of the anterior pituitary gland. Ann Med. 34(3):179-91, 2002
- Uchino A et al: Extreme fenestration of the basilar artery associated with cleft palate, nasopharyngeal mature teratoma, and hypophyseal duplication. Eur Radiol. 12(8):2087-90, 2002
- Burke M et al: Duplication of the hypophysis. Pediatr Neurosurg. 33(2):95-9, 2000
- Hamilton J et al: MR imaging in idiopathic growth hormone deficiency. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 19(9):1609-15, 1998
- Hamon-Kérautret M et al: Duplication of the pituitary gland in a newborn with median cleft face syndrome and nasal teratoma. Pediatr Radiol. 28(5):290-2, 1998
- Kollias SS et al: Review of the embryologic development of the pituitary gland and report of a case of hypophyseal duplication detected by MRI. Neuroradiology. 37(1):3-12, 1995
- Ryals BD et al: Duplication of the pituitary gland as shown by MR. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 14(1):137-9, 1993
