Bookmarks
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA)
Definitions
- Astrocytic neoplasm with generally favorable prognosis in children and young adults
- Superficial location in cerebral hemispheres with involvement of meninges
- Astrocytic neoplasm with generally favorable prognosis in children and young adults
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Angiographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Lundar T et al: Neurosurgical treatment of pediatric pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas: long-term follow-up of a single-institution, consecutive series of 12 patients. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 1-5, 2019
- Thomas AA et al: Anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with leptomeningeal dissemination responsive to BRAF inhibition and bevacizumab. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 66(1):e27465, 2019
- Mallick S et al: Grade II pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma; a meta-analysis of data from previously reported 167 cases. J Clin Neurosci. 54:57-62, 2018
- She D et al: Diagnostic accuracy of diffusion weighted imaging for differentiation of supratentorial pilocytic astrocytoma and pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Neuroradiology. 60(7):725-733, 2018
- She D et al: MR Imaging features of anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma mimicking high-grade astrocytoma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 39(8):1446-52, 2018
- Tonse R et al: Impact of WHO 2016 update of brain tumor classification, molecular markers and clinical outcomes in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. J Neurooncol. 136(2):343-50, 2018
- Zou H et al: Molecular features of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Hum Pathol. 86:38-48, 2018
- Dodgshun AJ et al: Pediatric pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma treated with surgical resection alone: clinicopathologic features. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 38(7):e202-6, 2016
- Ho CY et al: Relative cerebral blood volume from dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion in the grading of pediatric primary brain tumors. Neuroradiology. 57(3):299-306, 2015
- Sui Y et al: Differentiation of low- and high-grade pediatric brain tumors with high b-value diffusion-weighted MR imaging and a fractional order calculus model. Radiology. 142156, 2015
- Ida CM et al: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: natural history and long-term follow-up. Brain Pathol. 25(5):575-86, 2014
- Koelsche C et al: BRAF-mutated pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma is associated with temporal location, reticulin fiber deposition and CD34 expression. Brain Pathol. 24(3):221-9, 2014
- Moore W et al: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma of childhood: MR imaging and diffusion MR imaging features. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 35(11):2192-6, 2014
- Oh T et al: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas: institutional experience of 18 patients. J Clin Neurosci. 21(10):1767-72, 2014
- Borja MJ et al: Conventional and advanced MRI features of pediatric intracranial tumors: supratentorial tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 200(5):W483-503, 2013
- Gallo P et al: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: long-term results of surgical treatment and analysis of prognostic factors. Br J Neurosurg. 27(6):759-64, 2013
- Kahramancetin N et al: Aggressive behavior and anaplasia in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: a plea for a revision of the current WHO classification. CNS Oncol. 2(6):523-30, 2013
- Neal MT et al: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma in two siblings with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1). Clin Neuropathol. 31(1):54-6, 2012
- Kim B et al: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma associated with long-standing Taylor-type IIB-focal cortical dysplasia in an adult. Pathol Res Pract. 205(2):113-7, 2009
- Wind JJ et al: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma presenting with life-threatening hemorrhage in a child. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 3(2):157-9, 2009
- Yeaney GA et al: A 16-year-old male with a cerebellar mass. Brain Pathol. 19(1):167-70, 2009
- Hirose T et al: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: a comparative pathological study between conventional and anaplastic types. Histopathology. 52(2):183-93, 2008
- Ng WH et al: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma in elderly patients may portend a poor prognosis. J Clin Neurosci. 15(4):476-8, 2008
- Chacko G et al: Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor arising in the setting of a pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. J Neurooncol. 84(2):217-22, 2007
- Hamlat A et al: Cerebellar pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: case report and literature review. Surg Neurol. 68(1):89-94; discussion 94-5, 2007
- Ishizawa K et al: A neuroepithelial tumor showing combined histological features of dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor and pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma--a case report and review of the literature. Clin Neuropathol. 26(4):169-75, 2007
- Louis DN et al: WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Lyon: IARC Press. 22-24, 2007
- Marton E et al: Malignant progression in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: personal experience and review of the literature. J Neurol Sci. 252(2):144-53, 2007
- Mohamed IS et al: Magnetoencephalography and diffusion tensor imaging in gelastic seizures secondary to a cingulate gyrus lesion. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 109(2):182-7, 2007
- Baehring JM et al: Images in neuro-oncology: anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. J Neurooncol. 79(2):151-2, 2006
- Chang HT et al: Pediatric cerebellar pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with anaplastic features: a case of long-term survival after multimodality therapy. Childs Nerv Syst. 22(6):609-13, 2006
- Dickerman RD et al: Diffuse malignant transformation of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma 21 years later: a matter of time? Acta Neurochir (Wien). 148(1):95-7; author reply 97, 2006
- Nakamura M et al: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma of the spinal cord. Case report. J Neurosurg Spine. 5(1):72-5, 2006
- Passone E et al: Non-anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with neuroradiological evidences of leptomeningeal dissemination. Childs Nerv Syst. 22(6):614-8, 2006
- Gelpi E et al: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with anaplastic features presenting without GFAP immunoreactivity: implications for differential diagnosis. Neuropathology. 25(3):241-6, 2005
- Kilickesmez O et al: Coexistence of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with Sturge-Weber syndrome: MRI features. Pediatr Radiol. 35(9):910-3, 2005
- Saikali S et al: Multicentric pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1. Case report and review of the literature. J Neurosurg. 102(2):376-81, 2005
- Yoshida D et al: A case of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma presenting with massive tumoral hemorrhage. J Neurooncol. 71(2):169-71, 2005
- Im SH et al: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: a developmental glioneuronal tumor with prominent glioproliferative changes. J Neurooncol. 66(1-2):17-27, 2004
- Reifenberger G et al: Expression of the CD34 antigen in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 105(4):358-64, 2003
- Burger PC et al: Surgical pathology of the nervous system and its coverings: The Brain: Tumors. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone. 215-20, 2002
- Etzl MM Jr et al: Positron emission tomography in three children with pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. J Child Neurol. 17(7):522-7, 2002
- Fouladi M et al: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: favorable outcome after complete surgical resection. Neuro-oncol. 3(3):184-92, 2001
- Koeller KK et al: From the archives of the AFIP: superficial gliomas: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. Radiographics. 21(6):1533-56, 2001
- Tsuyuguchi N et al: Evaluation of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma by use of positron emission tomography with. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 22(2):311-3, 2001
- Kepes JJ et al: Pathology and genetics of tumours of the nervous system: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Lyon: IARC Press. 52-4, 2000
- Chakrabarty A et al: Malignant transformation in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma--a report of two cases. Br J Neurosurg. 13(5):516-9, 1999
- Giannini C et al: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: what do we really know about it? Cancer. 85(9):2033-45, 1999
- Ohta S et al: Eighteen-year survival of a patient with malignant pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma associated with von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis. Br J Neurosurg. 13(4):420-2, 1999
- Prayson RA et al: Anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 122(12):1082-6, 1998
- Giannini C et al: Classification and grading of low-grade astrocytic tumors in children. Brain Pathol. 7(2):785-98, 1997
- Lach B et al: Association of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with cortical dysplasia and neuronal tumors. A report of three cases. Cancer. 78(12):2551-63, 1996
- Levy RA et al: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma presenting with massive intracranial hemorrhage. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 17(1):154-6, 1996
Related Anatomy
Loading...
Related Differential Diagnoses
Loading...
References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA)
Definitions
- Astrocytic neoplasm with generally favorable prognosis in children and young adults
- Superficial location in cerebral hemispheres with involvement of meninges
- Astrocytic neoplasm with generally favorable prognosis in children and young adults
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Angiographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Lundar T et al: Neurosurgical treatment of pediatric pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas: long-term follow-up of a single-institution, consecutive series of 12 patients. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 1-5, 2019
- Thomas AA et al: Anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with leptomeningeal dissemination responsive to BRAF inhibition and bevacizumab. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 66(1):e27465, 2019
- Mallick S et al: Grade II pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma; a meta-analysis of data from previously reported 167 cases. J Clin Neurosci. 54:57-62, 2018
- She D et al: Diagnostic accuracy of diffusion weighted imaging for differentiation of supratentorial pilocytic astrocytoma and pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Neuroradiology. 60(7):725-733, 2018
- She D et al: MR Imaging features of anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma mimicking high-grade astrocytoma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 39(8):1446-52, 2018
- Tonse R et al: Impact of WHO 2016 update of brain tumor classification, molecular markers and clinical outcomes in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. J Neurooncol. 136(2):343-50, 2018
- Zou H et al: Molecular features of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Hum Pathol. 86:38-48, 2018
- Dodgshun AJ et al: Pediatric pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma treated with surgical resection alone: clinicopathologic features. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 38(7):e202-6, 2016
- Ho CY et al: Relative cerebral blood volume from dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion in the grading of pediatric primary brain tumors. Neuroradiology. 57(3):299-306, 2015
- Sui Y et al: Differentiation of low- and high-grade pediatric brain tumors with high b-value diffusion-weighted MR imaging and a fractional order calculus model. Radiology. 142156, 2015
- Ida CM et al: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: natural history and long-term follow-up. Brain Pathol. 25(5):575-86, 2014
- Koelsche C et al: BRAF-mutated pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma is associated with temporal location, reticulin fiber deposition and CD34 expression. Brain Pathol. 24(3):221-9, 2014
- Moore W et al: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma of childhood: MR imaging and diffusion MR imaging features. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 35(11):2192-6, 2014
- Oh T et al: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas: institutional experience of 18 patients. J Clin Neurosci. 21(10):1767-72, 2014
- Borja MJ et al: Conventional and advanced MRI features of pediatric intracranial tumors: supratentorial tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 200(5):W483-503, 2013
- Gallo P et al: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: long-term results of surgical treatment and analysis of prognostic factors. Br J Neurosurg. 27(6):759-64, 2013
- Kahramancetin N et al: Aggressive behavior and anaplasia in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: a plea for a revision of the current WHO classification. CNS Oncol. 2(6):523-30, 2013
- Neal MT et al: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma in two siblings with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1). Clin Neuropathol. 31(1):54-6, 2012
- Kim B et al: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma associated with long-standing Taylor-type IIB-focal cortical dysplasia in an adult. Pathol Res Pract. 205(2):113-7, 2009
- Wind JJ et al: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma presenting with life-threatening hemorrhage in a child. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 3(2):157-9, 2009
- Yeaney GA et al: A 16-year-old male with a cerebellar mass. Brain Pathol. 19(1):167-70, 2009
- Hirose T et al: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: a comparative pathological study between conventional and anaplastic types. Histopathology. 52(2):183-93, 2008
- Ng WH et al: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma in elderly patients may portend a poor prognosis. J Clin Neurosci. 15(4):476-8, 2008
- Chacko G et al: Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor arising in the setting of a pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. J Neurooncol. 84(2):217-22, 2007
- Hamlat A et al: Cerebellar pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: case report and literature review. Surg Neurol. 68(1):89-94; discussion 94-5, 2007
- Ishizawa K et al: A neuroepithelial tumor showing combined histological features of dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor and pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma--a case report and review of the literature. Clin Neuropathol. 26(4):169-75, 2007
- Louis DN et al: WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Lyon: IARC Press. 22-24, 2007
- Marton E et al: Malignant progression in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: personal experience and review of the literature. J Neurol Sci. 252(2):144-53, 2007
- Mohamed IS et al: Magnetoencephalography and diffusion tensor imaging in gelastic seizures secondary to a cingulate gyrus lesion. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 109(2):182-7, 2007
- Baehring JM et al: Images in neuro-oncology: anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. J Neurooncol. 79(2):151-2, 2006
- Chang HT et al: Pediatric cerebellar pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with anaplastic features: a case of long-term survival after multimodality therapy. Childs Nerv Syst. 22(6):609-13, 2006
- Dickerman RD et al: Diffuse malignant transformation of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma 21 years later: a matter of time? Acta Neurochir (Wien). 148(1):95-7; author reply 97, 2006
- Nakamura M et al: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma of the spinal cord. Case report. J Neurosurg Spine. 5(1):72-5, 2006
- Passone E et al: Non-anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with neuroradiological evidences of leptomeningeal dissemination. Childs Nerv Syst. 22(6):614-8, 2006
- Gelpi E et al: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with anaplastic features presenting without GFAP immunoreactivity: implications for differential diagnosis. Neuropathology. 25(3):241-6, 2005
- Kilickesmez O et al: Coexistence of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with Sturge-Weber syndrome: MRI features. Pediatr Radiol. 35(9):910-3, 2005
- Saikali S et al: Multicentric pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1. Case report and review of the literature. J Neurosurg. 102(2):376-81, 2005
- Yoshida D et al: A case of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma presenting with massive tumoral hemorrhage. J Neurooncol. 71(2):169-71, 2005
- Im SH et al: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: a developmental glioneuronal tumor with prominent glioproliferative changes. J Neurooncol. 66(1-2):17-27, 2004
- Reifenberger G et al: Expression of the CD34 antigen in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 105(4):358-64, 2003
- Burger PC et al: Surgical pathology of the nervous system and its coverings: The Brain: Tumors. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone. 215-20, 2002
- Etzl MM Jr et al: Positron emission tomography in three children with pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. J Child Neurol. 17(7):522-7, 2002
- Fouladi M et al: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: favorable outcome after complete surgical resection. Neuro-oncol. 3(3):184-92, 2001
- Koeller KK et al: From the archives of the AFIP: superficial gliomas: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. Radiographics. 21(6):1533-56, 2001
- Tsuyuguchi N et al: Evaluation of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma by use of positron emission tomography with. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 22(2):311-3, 2001
- Kepes JJ et al: Pathology and genetics of tumours of the nervous system: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Lyon: IARC Press. 52-4, 2000
- Chakrabarty A et al: Malignant transformation in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma--a report of two cases. Br J Neurosurg. 13(5):516-9, 1999
- Giannini C et al: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: what do we really know about it? Cancer. 85(9):2033-45, 1999
- Ohta S et al: Eighteen-year survival of a patient with malignant pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma associated with von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis. Br J Neurosurg. 13(4):420-2, 1999
- Prayson RA et al: Anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 122(12):1082-6, 1998
- Giannini C et al: Classification and grading of low-grade astrocytic tumors in children. Brain Pathol. 7(2):785-98, 1997
- Lach B et al: Association of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with cortical dysplasia and neuronal tumors. A report of three cases. Cancer. 78(12):2551-63, 1996
- Levy RA et al: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma presenting with massive intracranial hemorrhage. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 17(1):154-6, 1996
