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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Necrotizing pneumonia
- Pulmonary gangrene
Definitions
- Complication of bacterial pneumonia where dominant focus of necrosis develops in consolidated lung, resulting in variable number(s) of thin-walled cysts
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Selected References
- de Benedictis FM et al: Complicated pneumonia in children. Lancet. 396(10253):786-98, 2020
- Andronikou S et al: Computed tomography in children with community-acquired pneumonia. Pediatr Radiol. 47(11):1431-40, 2017
- Liszewski MC et al: Lung magnetic resonance imaging for pneumonia in children. Pediatr Radiol. 47(11):1420-30, 2017
- Masters IB et al: Necrotizing pneumonia: an emerging problem in children? Pneumonia (Nathan). 9:11, 2017
- Ramgopal S et al: Pediatric necrotizing pneumonia: a case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Emerg Care. 33(2):112-5, 2017
- Pawley B et al: Core curriculum illustration: necrotizing pneumonia and empyema. Emerg Radiol. 23(2):201-2, 2016
- Sodhi KS et al: Rapid lung MRI in children with pulmonary infections: time to change our diagnostic algorithms. J Magn Reson Imaging. 43(5):1196-206, 2016
- Lai SH et al: Value of lung ultrasonography in the diagnosis and outcome prediction of pediatric community-acquired pneumonia with necrotizing change. PLoS One. 10(6):e0130082, 2015
- Gorkem SB et al: Evaluation of pediatric thoracic disorders: comparison of unenhanced fast-imaging-sequence 1.5-T MRI and contrast-enhanced MDCT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 200(6):1352-7, 2013
- Lemaître C et al: Necrotizing pneumonia in children: report of 41 cases between 2006 and 2011 in a French tertiary care center. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 32(10):1146-9, 2013
- Yikilmaz A et al: Evaluation of pneumonia in children: comparison of MRI with fast imaging sequences at 1.5T with chest radiographs. Acta Radiol. 52(8):914-9, 2011
- Heffner JE et al: Diagnostic utility and clinical application of imaging for pleural space infections. Chest. 137(2):467-79, 2010
- Calder A et al: Imaging of parapneumonic pleural effusions and empyema in children. Pediatr Radiol. 39(6):527-37, 2009
- Kurian J et al: Comparison of ultrasound and CT in the evaluation of pneumonia complicated by parapneumonic effusion in children. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 193(6):1648-54, 2009
- Sawicki GS et al: Necrotising pneumonia is an increasingly detected complication of pneumonia in children. Eur Respir J. 31(6):1285-91, 2008
- Copley SJ: Application of computed tomography in childhood respiratory infections. Br Med Bull. 61:263-79, 2002
- Hodina M et al: Imaging of cavitary necrosis in complicated childhood pneumonia. Eur Radiol. 12(2):391-6, 2002
- Donnelly LF: Practical issues concerning imaging of pulmonary infection in children. J Thorac Imaging. 16(4):238-50, 2001
- Juven T et al: Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in 254 hospitalized children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 19(4):293-8, 2000
- Markowitz RI et al: The spectrum of pulmonary infection in the immunocompromised child. Semin Roentgenol. 35(2):171-80, 2000
- Donnelly LF: Maximizing the usefulness of imaging in children with community-acquired pneumonia. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 172(2):505-12, 1999
- Katz DS et al: Radiology of pneumonia. Clin Chest Med. 20(3):549-62, 1999
- Brunelle F: [Radiologic approach to community-acquired pneumonia] Arch Pediatr. 5 Suppl 1:26s-7s, 1998
- Donnelly LF et al: Cavitary necrosis complicating pneumonia in children: sequential findings on chest radiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 171(1):253-6, 1998
- Donnelly LF et al: The yield of CT of children who have complicated pneumonia and noncontributory chest radiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 170(6):1627-31, 1998
- Donnelly LF et al: CT appearance of parapneumonic effusions in children: findings are not specific for empyema. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 169(1):179-82, 1997
- Donnelly LF et al: Pneumonia in children: decreased parenchymal contrast enhancement--CT sign of intense illness and impending cavitary necrosis. Radiology. 205(3):817-20, 1997
- Kerem E et al: Bacteremic necrotizing pneumococcal pneumonia in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 149(1):242-4, 1994
- Kirkpatrick JA: Pneumonia in children as it differs from adult pneumonia. Semin Roentgenol. 15(1):96-103, 1980
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Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Necrotizing pneumonia
- Pulmonary gangrene
Definitions
- Complication of bacterial pneumonia where dominant focus of necrosis develops in consolidated lung, resulting in variable number(s) of thin-walled cysts
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Selected References
- de Benedictis FM et al: Complicated pneumonia in children. Lancet. 396(10253):786-98, 2020
- Andronikou S et al: Computed tomography in children with community-acquired pneumonia. Pediatr Radiol. 47(11):1431-40, 2017
- Liszewski MC et al: Lung magnetic resonance imaging for pneumonia in children. Pediatr Radiol. 47(11):1420-30, 2017
- Masters IB et al: Necrotizing pneumonia: an emerging problem in children? Pneumonia (Nathan). 9:11, 2017
- Ramgopal S et al: Pediatric necrotizing pneumonia: a case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Emerg Care. 33(2):112-5, 2017
- Pawley B et al: Core curriculum illustration: necrotizing pneumonia and empyema. Emerg Radiol. 23(2):201-2, 2016
- Sodhi KS et al: Rapid lung MRI in children with pulmonary infections: time to change our diagnostic algorithms. J Magn Reson Imaging. 43(5):1196-206, 2016
- Lai SH et al: Value of lung ultrasonography in the diagnosis and outcome prediction of pediatric community-acquired pneumonia with necrotizing change. PLoS One. 10(6):e0130082, 2015
- Gorkem SB et al: Evaluation of pediatric thoracic disorders: comparison of unenhanced fast-imaging-sequence 1.5-T MRI and contrast-enhanced MDCT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 200(6):1352-7, 2013
- Lemaître C et al: Necrotizing pneumonia in children: report of 41 cases between 2006 and 2011 in a French tertiary care center. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 32(10):1146-9, 2013
- Yikilmaz A et al: Evaluation of pneumonia in children: comparison of MRI with fast imaging sequences at 1.5T with chest radiographs. Acta Radiol. 52(8):914-9, 2011
- Heffner JE et al: Diagnostic utility and clinical application of imaging for pleural space infections. Chest. 137(2):467-79, 2010
- Calder A et al: Imaging of parapneumonic pleural effusions and empyema in children. Pediatr Radiol. 39(6):527-37, 2009
- Kurian J et al: Comparison of ultrasound and CT in the evaluation of pneumonia complicated by parapneumonic effusion in children. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 193(6):1648-54, 2009
- Sawicki GS et al: Necrotising pneumonia is an increasingly detected complication of pneumonia in children. Eur Respir J. 31(6):1285-91, 2008
- Copley SJ: Application of computed tomography in childhood respiratory infections. Br Med Bull. 61:263-79, 2002
- Hodina M et al: Imaging of cavitary necrosis in complicated childhood pneumonia. Eur Radiol. 12(2):391-6, 2002
- Donnelly LF: Practical issues concerning imaging of pulmonary infection in children. J Thorac Imaging. 16(4):238-50, 2001
- Juven T et al: Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in 254 hospitalized children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 19(4):293-8, 2000
- Markowitz RI et al: The spectrum of pulmonary infection in the immunocompromised child. Semin Roentgenol. 35(2):171-80, 2000
- Donnelly LF: Maximizing the usefulness of imaging in children with community-acquired pneumonia. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 172(2):505-12, 1999
- Katz DS et al: Radiology of pneumonia. Clin Chest Med. 20(3):549-62, 1999
- Brunelle F: [Radiologic approach to community-acquired pneumonia] Arch Pediatr. 5 Suppl 1:26s-7s, 1998
- Donnelly LF et al: Cavitary necrosis complicating pneumonia in children: sequential findings on chest radiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 171(1):253-6, 1998
- Donnelly LF et al: The yield of CT of children who have complicated pneumonia and noncontributory chest radiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 170(6):1627-31, 1998
- Donnelly LF et al: CT appearance of parapneumonic effusions in children: findings are not specific for empyema. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 169(1):179-82, 1997
- Donnelly LF et al: Pneumonia in children: decreased parenchymal contrast enhancement--CT sign of intense illness and impending cavitary necrosis. Radiology. 205(3):817-20, 1997
- Kerem E et al: Bacteremic necrotizing pneumococcal pneumonia in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 149(1):242-4, 1994
- Kirkpatrick JA: Pneumonia in children as it differs from adult pneumonia. Semin Roentgenol. 15(1):96-103, 1980
