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Gastrointestinal
Diagnosis
Abdominal Manifestations of Systemic Conditions
Transplantation
Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Siva P. Raman, MD
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KEY FACTS

  • Terminology

    • Imaging

      • Top Differential Diagnoses

        • Pathology

          • Clinical Issues

            TERMINOLOGY

            • Abbreviations

              • Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD)

            • Definitions

              • Heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative diseases that occur in posttransplant setting (either solid organ or stem cell transplants), ranging from abnormal lymphoid hyperplasias to frank malignancies

            IMAGING

            • General Features

              • Imaging Recommendations

                • CT Findings

                  • MR Findings

                    • Fluoroscopic Findings

                      • Nuclear Medicine Findings

                        DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                          PATHOLOGY

                          • General Features

                            • Staging, Grading, & Classification

                              • Microscopic Features

                                CLINICAL ISSUES

                                • Presentation

                                  • Demographics

                                    • Natural History & Prognosis

                                      • Treatment

                                        DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST

                                        • Consider

                                          Selected References

                                          1. Kim DH et al: Diagnostic performances of F-18 FDG PET or PET/CT for detection of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nucl Med Commun. 41(6):533-9, 2020
                                          2. Montes de Jesus FM et al: Diagnostic performance of FDG-PET/CT of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder and factors affecting diagnostic yield. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 47(3):529-36, 2020
                                          3. Xu YF et al: Roles of F-18-fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose PET/computed tomography scans in the management of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease in Pediatric Patient. PET Clin. 15(3):309-19, 2020
                                          4. Dharnidharka VR et al: Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2:15088, 2016
                                          5. Katabathina V et al: Complications of immunosuppressive therapy in solid organ transplantation. Radiol Clin North Am. 54(2):303-19, 2016
                                          6. Takehana CS et al: (18)F-FDG PET/CT in the management of patients with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Nucl Med Commun. 35(3):276-81, 2014
                                          7. Blaes AH et al: Positron emission tomography scanning in the setting of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Clin Transplant. 23(6):794-9, 2009
                                          8. Borhani AA et al: Imaging of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder after solid organ transplantation. Radiographics. 29(4):981-1000; discussion 1000-2, 2009
                                          9. Cornejo A et al: Intestinal perforation associated with rituximab therapy for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder after liver transplantation. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 64(4):857-60, 2009
                                          10. Noraini AR et al: PET-CT as an effective imaging modality in the staging and follow-up of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder following solid organ transplantation. Singapore Med J. 50(12):1189-95, 2009
                                          11. Styczynski J et al: Outcome of treatment of Epstein-Barr virus-related post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in hematopoietic stem cell recipients: a comprehensive review of reported cases. Transpl Infect Dis. 11(5):383-92, 2009
                                          12. Dhillon MS et al: Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease in liver transplantation. Br J Radiol. 80(953):337-46, 2007
                                          13. Ulu EM et al: Abdominal computed tomography findings of malignant tumors in patients with solid organ transplants. Transplant Proc. 39(4):1066-70, 2007
                                          14. Bakker NA et al: PTLD visualization by FDG-PET: improved detection of extranodal localizations. Am J Transplant. 6(8):1984-5, 2006
                                          15. Bakker NA et al: Early onset post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease is associated with allograft localization. Clin Transplant. 19(3):327-34, 2005
                                          16. Scarsbrook AF et al: Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder: the spectrum of imaging appearances. Clin Radiol. 60(1):47-55, 2005
                                          17. Wilde GE et al: Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder in pediatric recipients of solid organ transplants: timing and location of disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 185(5):1335-41, 2005
                                          18. Opelz G et al: Lymphomas after solid organ transplantation: a collaborative transplant study report. Am J Transplant. 4(2):222-30, 2004
                                          19. Meador TL et al: Imaging features of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder in pancreas transplant recipients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 174(1):121-4, 2000
                                          20. Pickhardt PJ et al: Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder of the abdomen: CT evaluation in 51 patients. Radiology. 213(1):73-8, 1999
                                          21. Pickhardt PJ et al: Abdominal manifestations of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 171(4):1007-13, 1998
                                          22. Dodd GD 3rd et al: Thoracic and abdominal manifestations of lymphoma occurring in the immunocompromised patient. Radiol Clin North Am. 30(3):597-610, 1992
                                          Related Anatomy
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                                          Related Differential Diagnoses
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                                          References
                                          Tables

                                          Tables

                                          KEY FACTS

                                          • Terminology

                                            • Imaging

                                              • Top Differential Diagnoses

                                                • Pathology

                                                  • Clinical Issues

                                                    TERMINOLOGY

                                                    • Abbreviations

                                                      • Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD)

                                                    • Definitions

                                                      • Heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative diseases that occur in posttransplant setting (either solid organ or stem cell transplants), ranging from abnormal lymphoid hyperplasias to frank malignancies

                                                    IMAGING

                                                    • General Features

                                                      • Imaging Recommendations

                                                        • CT Findings

                                                          • MR Findings

                                                            • Fluoroscopic Findings

                                                              • Nuclear Medicine Findings

                                                                DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                                                                  PATHOLOGY

                                                                  • General Features

                                                                    • Staging, Grading, & Classification

                                                                      • Microscopic Features

                                                                        CLINICAL ISSUES

                                                                        • Presentation

                                                                          • Demographics

                                                                            • Natural History & Prognosis

                                                                              • Treatment

                                                                                DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST

                                                                                • Consider

                                                                                  Selected References

                                                                                  1. Kim DH et al: Diagnostic performances of F-18 FDG PET or PET/CT for detection of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nucl Med Commun. 41(6):533-9, 2020
                                                                                  2. Montes de Jesus FM et al: Diagnostic performance of FDG-PET/CT of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder and factors affecting diagnostic yield. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 47(3):529-36, 2020
                                                                                  3. Xu YF et al: Roles of F-18-fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose PET/computed tomography scans in the management of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease in Pediatric Patient. PET Clin. 15(3):309-19, 2020
                                                                                  4. Dharnidharka VR et al: Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2:15088, 2016
                                                                                  5. Katabathina V et al: Complications of immunosuppressive therapy in solid organ transplantation. Radiol Clin North Am. 54(2):303-19, 2016
                                                                                  6. Takehana CS et al: (18)F-FDG PET/CT in the management of patients with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Nucl Med Commun. 35(3):276-81, 2014
                                                                                  7. Blaes AH et al: Positron emission tomography scanning in the setting of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Clin Transplant. 23(6):794-9, 2009
                                                                                  8. Borhani AA et al: Imaging of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder after solid organ transplantation. Radiographics. 29(4):981-1000; discussion 1000-2, 2009
                                                                                  9. Cornejo A et al: Intestinal perforation associated with rituximab therapy for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder after liver transplantation. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 64(4):857-60, 2009
                                                                                  10. Noraini AR et al: PET-CT as an effective imaging modality in the staging and follow-up of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder following solid organ transplantation. Singapore Med J. 50(12):1189-95, 2009
                                                                                  11. Styczynski J et al: Outcome of treatment of Epstein-Barr virus-related post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in hematopoietic stem cell recipients: a comprehensive review of reported cases. Transpl Infect Dis. 11(5):383-92, 2009
                                                                                  12. Dhillon MS et al: Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease in liver transplantation. Br J Radiol. 80(953):337-46, 2007
                                                                                  13. Ulu EM et al: Abdominal computed tomography findings of malignant tumors in patients with solid organ transplants. Transplant Proc. 39(4):1066-70, 2007
                                                                                  14. Bakker NA et al: PTLD visualization by FDG-PET: improved detection of extranodal localizations. Am J Transplant. 6(8):1984-5, 2006
                                                                                  15. Bakker NA et al: Early onset post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease is associated with allograft localization. Clin Transplant. 19(3):327-34, 2005
                                                                                  16. Scarsbrook AF et al: Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder: the spectrum of imaging appearances. Clin Radiol. 60(1):47-55, 2005
                                                                                  17. Wilde GE et al: Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder in pediatric recipients of solid organ transplants: timing and location of disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 185(5):1335-41, 2005
                                                                                  18. Opelz G et al: Lymphomas after solid organ transplantation: a collaborative transplant study report. Am J Transplant. 4(2):222-30, 2004
                                                                                  19. Meador TL et al: Imaging features of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder in pancreas transplant recipients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 174(1):121-4, 2000
                                                                                  20. Pickhardt PJ et al: Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder of the abdomen: CT evaluation in 51 patients. Radiology. 213(1):73-8, 1999
                                                                                  21. Pickhardt PJ et al: Abdominal manifestations of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 171(4):1007-13, 1998
                                                                                  22. Dodd GD 3rd et al: Thoracic and abdominal manifestations of lymphoma occurring in the immunocompromised patient. Radiol Clin North Am. 30(3):597-610, 1992