Laurie Margolies, MD; Wendie A. Berg, MD, PhD, FACR, FSBI
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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Pregnancy-associated breast cancer (PABC): Breast cancer diagnosed during pregnancy or within 1 year post partum; some include cancer at any time during lactation
Some discussion of including patients up to 5 years post partum
IMAGING
General Features
Mammographic Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Image-Guided Biopsy
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Bae SY et al: Clinical Characteristics and Prognosis of Pregnancy-Associated Breast Cancer: Poor Survival of Luminal B Subtype. Oncology. 1-7, 2018
Balaya V et al: What about sentinel lymph node biopsy for early breast cancer during pregnancy? J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod. 47(5):205-7, 2018
Gomez-Hidalgo NR et al: Breast cancer during pregnancy: results of maternal and perinatal outcomes in a single institution and systematic review of the literature. J Obstet Gynaecol. 1-9, 2018
Han SN et al: Axillary staging for breast cancer during pregnancy: feasibility and safety of sentinel lymph node biopsy. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 168(2):551-7, 2018
MartÃnez MT et al: Breast cancer in pregnant patients: A review of the literature. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. ePub, 2018
McCormick A et al: Cancer in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 45(2):187-200, 2018
Peccatori FA et al: Biology, staging, and treatment of breast cancer during pregnancy: reassessing the evidences. Cancer Biol Med. 15(1):6-13, 2018
Simoes E et al: Pregnancy-associated breast cancer: maternal breast cancer survival over 10 years and obstetrical outcome at a university centre of women's health. Arch Gynecol Obstet. ePub, 2018
Kim YG et al: Clinicopathologic Characteristics of Pregnancy-Associated Breast Cancer: Results of Analysis of a Nationwide Breast Cancer Registry Database. J Breast Cancer. 20(3):264-9, 2017
Mangla M et al: Gestational Gigantomastia: A Systematic Review of Case Reports. J Midlife Health. 8(1):40-44, 2017
Myers KS et al: Imaging appearance and clinical impact of preoperative breast MRI in pregnancy-associated breast cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 209(3):W177-83, 2017
Cardonick E: Pregnancy-associated breast cancer: optimal treatment options. Int J Womens Health. 6:935-43, 2014
Vashi R et al: Breast imaging of the pregnant and lactating patient: imaging modalities and pregnancy-associated breast cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 200(2):321-8, 2013
Sundgren PC et al: Is administration of gadolinium-based contrast media to pregnant women and small children justified? J Magn Reson Imaging. 34(4):750-7, 2011
Amant F et al: Breast cancer in pregnancy: recommendations of an international consensus meeting. Eur J Cancer. 46(18):3158-68, 2010
Ayyappan AP et al: Pregnancy-associated breast cancer: spectrum of imaging appearances. Br J Radiol. 83(990):529-34, 2010
Litton JK et al: Breast cancer diagnosis during pregnancy. Womens Health (Lond Engl). 5(3):243-9, 2009
Barnes DM et al: Pregnancy-associated breast cancer: a literature review. Surg Clin North Am. 87(2):417-30, x, 2007
Bodner-Adler B et al: Breast cancer diagnosed during pregnancy. Anticancer Res. 27(3B):1705-7, 2007
Sabate JM et al: Radiologic evaluation of breast disorders related to pregnancy and lactation. Radiographics. 27 Suppl 1:S101-24, 2007
Hahn KM et al: Treatment of pregnant breast cancer patients and outcomes of children exposed to chemotherapy in utero. Cancer. 107(6):1219-26, 2006
Loibl S et al: Breast carcinoma during pregnancy. International recommendations from an expert meeting. Cancer. 106(2):237-46, 2006
Yang WT et al: Imaging of breast cancer diagnosed and treated with chemotherapy during pregnancy. Radiology. 239(1):52-60, 2006
Annane K et al: Infiltrative breast cancer during pregnancy and conservative surgery. Fetal Diagn Ther. 20(5):442-4, 2005
Fanale MA et al: Treatment of metastatic breast cancer with trastuzumab and vinorelbine during pregnancy. Clin Breast Cancer. 6(4):354-6, 2005
Gentilini O et al: Breast cancer diagnosed during pregnancy and lactation: biological features and treatment options. Eur J Surg Oncol. 31(3):232-6, 2005
Kal HB et al: Radiotherapy during pregnancy: fact and fiction. Lancet Oncol. 6(5):328-33, 2005
Kerr JR: Neonatal effects of breast cancer chemotherapy administered during pregnancy. Pharmacotherapy. 25(3):438-41, 2005
Pavlidis N et al: The pregnant mother with breast cancer: diagnostic and therapeutic management. Cancer Treat Rev. 31(6):439-47, 2005
Psyrri A et al: Pregnancy-associated breast cancer. Cancer J. 11(2):83-95, 2005
Webb JA et al: The use of iodinated and gadolinium contrast media during pregnancy and lactation. Eur Radiol. 15(6):1234-40, 2005
Gentilini O et al: Safety of sentinel node biopsy in pregnant patients with breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 15(9):1348-51, 2004
Keleher A et al: The safety of lymphatic mapping in pregnant breast cancer patients using Tc-99m sulfur colloid. Breast J. 10(6):492-5, 2004
Ahn BY et al: Pregnancy- and lactation-associated breast cancer: mammographic and sonographic findings. J Ultrasound Med. 22(5):491-7; quiz 498-9, 2003
Bladstrom A et al: Worse survival in breast cancer among women with recent childbirth: results from a Swedish population-based register study. Clin Breast Cancer. 4(4):280-5, 2003
Middleton LP et al: Breast carcinoma in pregnant women: assessment of clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical features. Cancer. 98(5):1055-60, 2003
Rugo HS: Management of breast cancer diagnosed during pregnancy. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 4(2):165-73, 2003
Woo JC et al: Breast cancer in pregnancy: a literature review. Arch Surg. 138(1):91-8; discussion 99, 2003
Rosner D et al: Breast cancer and related pregnancy: suggested management according to stages of the disease and gestational stages. J Med. 33(1-4):23-62, 2002
Shousha S: Breast carcinoma presenting during or shortly after pregnancy and lactation. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 124(7):1053-60, 2000
Saber A et al: The milk rejection sign: a natural tumor marker. Am Surg. 62(12):998-9, 1996
Liberman L et al: Imaging of pregnancy-associated breast cancer. Radiology. 191(1):245-8, 1994
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Pregnancy-associated breast cancer (PABC): Breast cancer diagnosed during pregnancy or within 1 year post partum; some include cancer at any time during lactation
Some discussion of including patients up to 5 years post partum
IMAGING
General Features
Mammographic Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Image-Guided Biopsy
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Bae SY et al: Clinical Characteristics and Prognosis of Pregnancy-Associated Breast Cancer: Poor Survival of Luminal B Subtype. Oncology. 1-7, 2018
Balaya V et al: What about sentinel lymph node biopsy for early breast cancer during pregnancy? J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod. 47(5):205-7, 2018
Gomez-Hidalgo NR et al: Breast cancer during pregnancy: results of maternal and perinatal outcomes in a single institution and systematic review of the literature. J Obstet Gynaecol. 1-9, 2018
Han SN et al: Axillary staging for breast cancer during pregnancy: feasibility and safety of sentinel lymph node biopsy. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 168(2):551-7, 2018
MartÃnez MT et al: Breast cancer in pregnant patients: A review of the literature. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. ePub, 2018
McCormick A et al: Cancer in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 45(2):187-200, 2018
Peccatori FA et al: Biology, staging, and treatment of breast cancer during pregnancy: reassessing the evidences. Cancer Biol Med. 15(1):6-13, 2018
Simoes E et al: Pregnancy-associated breast cancer: maternal breast cancer survival over 10 years and obstetrical outcome at a university centre of women's health. Arch Gynecol Obstet. ePub, 2018
Kim YG et al: Clinicopathologic Characteristics of Pregnancy-Associated Breast Cancer: Results of Analysis of a Nationwide Breast Cancer Registry Database. J Breast Cancer. 20(3):264-9, 2017
Mangla M et al: Gestational Gigantomastia: A Systematic Review of Case Reports. J Midlife Health. 8(1):40-44, 2017
Myers KS et al: Imaging appearance and clinical impact of preoperative breast MRI in pregnancy-associated breast cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 209(3):W177-83, 2017
Cardonick E: Pregnancy-associated breast cancer: optimal treatment options. Int J Womens Health. 6:935-43, 2014
Vashi R et al: Breast imaging of the pregnant and lactating patient: imaging modalities and pregnancy-associated breast cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 200(2):321-8, 2013
Sundgren PC et al: Is administration of gadolinium-based contrast media to pregnant women and small children justified? J Magn Reson Imaging. 34(4):750-7, 2011
Amant F et al: Breast cancer in pregnancy: recommendations of an international consensus meeting. Eur J Cancer. 46(18):3158-68, 2010
Ayyappan AP et al: Pregnancy-associated breast cancer: spectrum of imaging appearances. Br J Radiol. 83(990):529-34, 2010
Litton JK et al: Breast cancer diagnosis during pregnancy. Womens Health (Lond Engl). 5(3):243-9, 2009
Barnes DM et al: Pregnancy-associated breast cancer: a literature review. Surg Clin North Am. 87(2):417-30, x, 2007
Bodner-Adler B et al: Breast cancer diagnosed during pregnancy. Anticancer Res. 27(3B):1705-7, 2007
Sabate JM et al: Radiologic evaluation of breast disorders related to pregnancy and lactation. Radiographics. 27 Suppl 1:S101-24, 2007
Hahn KM et al: Treatment of pregnant breast cancer patients and outcomes of children exposed to chemotherapy in utero. Cancer. 107(6):1219-26, 2006
Loibl S et al: Breast carcinoma during pregnancy. International recommendations from an expert meeting. Cancer. 106(2):237-46, 2006
Yang WT et al: Imaging of breast cancer diagnosed and treated with chemotherapy during pregnancy. Radiology. 239(1):52-60, 2006
Annane K et al: Infiltrative breast cancer during pregnancy and conservative surgery. Fetal Diagn Ther. 20(5):442-4, 2005
Fanale MA et al: Treatment of metastatic breast cancer with trastuzumab and vinorelbine during pregnancy. Clin Breast Cancer. 6(4):354-6, 2005
Gentilini O et al: Breast cancer diagnosed during pregnancy and lactation: biological features and treatment options. Eur J Surg Oncol. 31(3):232-6, 2005
Kal HB et al: Radiotherapy during pregnancy: fact and fiction. Lancet Oncol. 6(5):328-33, 2005
Kerr JR: Neonatal effects of breast cancer chemotherapy administered during pregnancy. Pharmacotherapy. 25(3):438-41, 2005
Pavlidis N et al: The pregnant mother with breast cancer: diagnostic and therapeutic management. Cancer Treat Rev. 31(6):439-47, 2005
Psyrri A et al: Pregnancy-associated breast cancer. Cancer J. 11(2):83-95, 2005
Webb JA et al: The use of iodinated and gadolinium contrast media during pregnancy and lactation. Eur Radiol. 15(6):1234-40, 2005
Gentilini O et al: Safety of sentinel node biopsy in pregnant patients with breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 15(9):1348-51, 2004
Keleher A et al: The safety of lymphatic mapping in pregnant breast cancer patients using Tc-99m sulfur colloid. Breast J. 10(6):492-5, 2004
Ahn BY et al: Pregnancy- and lactation-associated breast cancer: mammographic and sonographic findings. J Ultrasound Med. 22(5):491-7; quiz 498-9, 2003
Bladstrom A et al: Worse survival in breast cancer among women with recent childbirth: results from a Swedish population-based register study. Clin Breast Cancer. 4(4):280-5, 2003
Middleton LP et al: Breast carcinoma in pregnant women: assessment of clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical features. Cancer. 98(5):1055-60, 2003
Rugo HS: Management of breast cancer diagnosed during pregnancy. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 4(2):165-73, 2003
Woo JC et al: Breast cancer in pregnancy: a literature review. Arch Surg. 138(1):91-8; discussion 99, 2003
Rosner D et al: Breast cancer and related pregnancy: suggested management according to stages of the disease and gestational stages. J Med. 33(1-4):23-62, 2002
Shousha S: Breast carcinoma presenting during or shortly after pregnancy and lactation. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 124(7):1053-60, 2000
Saber A et al: The milk rejection sign: a natural tumor marker. Am Surg. 62(12):998-9, 1996
Liberman L et al: Imaging of pregnancy-associated breast cancer. Radiology. 191(1):245-8, 1994
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