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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Primary (1°) growth (ossification) center
- Secondary (2°) growth (ossification) center
Definitions
- Endochondral ossification: Bone formation of preexisting cartilage model at 1° & 2° growth centers
- Occurs at limbs, pelvis, vertebral column, & portions of clavicles, scapulae, skull base
- Intramembranous ossification: Bone formation from mesenchymal cells without prior cartilage model
- Occurs at cranial vault, facial bones, & portions of clavicles, scapulae
- 1° growth centers: Where majority of ossification occurs
- Predominately at long bone physes in childhood
- Account for majority of longitudinal growth
- Predominately at long bone physes in childhood
- 2° growth centers: Ossification centers that do not significantly contribute to longitudinal growth; in general
- Surrounded by growth plate & unossified cartilage
- Found at articulations of long bones (epiphyses) & nonarticular equivalents (apophyses, carpals, tarsals, etc.)
- Accessory ossicles: Supernumerary bones commonly derived from unfused secondary ossification centers
- Endochondral ossification: Bone formation of preexisting cartilage model at 1° & 2° growth centers
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Natural History & Prognosis
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Jaimes C et al: MR imaging of normal epiphyseal development and common epiphyseal disorders. Radiographics. 34(2):449-71, 2014
- Kwong S et al: Skeletal development of the proximal humerus in the pediatric population: MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 202(2):418-25, 2014
- Kan HJ et al: Embryology, anatomy, and normal findings. In Coley BD et al: Caffey's Pediatric Imaging. 12th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders. 1327-46, 2013
- Keats TE et al: Atlas of normal roentgen variants that may simulate disease. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier/Saunders, 2013
- Karwacki GM et al: Normal ossification patterns of atlas and axis: a CT study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 33(10):1882-7, 2012
- Laor T et al: Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans: is it a growth disturbance of the secondary physis of the epiphysis? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 199(5):1121-8, 2012
- Thapa MM et al: MRI of pediatric patients: Part 2, normal variants and abnormalities of the knee. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 198(5):W456-65, 2012
- Thapa MM et al: MRI of pediatric patients: Part 1, normal and abnormal cartilage. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 198(5):W450-5, 2012
- Khanna PC et al: The growing skeleton: MR imaging appearances of developing cartilage. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 17(3):411-21, v, 2009
- Laor T et al: MR imaging insights into skeletal maturation: what is normal? Radiology. 250(1):28-38, 2009
- Nemzek WR et al: MR, CT, and plain film imaging of the developing skull base in fetal specimens. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 21(9):1699-706, 2000
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Primary (1°) growth (ossification) center
- Secondary (2°) growth (ossification) center
Definitions
- Endochondral ossification: Bone formation of preexisting cartilage model at 1° & 2° growth centers
- Occurs at limbs, pelvis, vertebral column, & portions of clavicles, scapulae, skull base
- Intramembranous ossification: Bone formation from mesenchymal cells without prior cartilage model
- Occurs at cranial vault, facial bones, & portions of clavicles, scapulae
- 1° growth centers: Where majority of ossification occurs
- Predominately at long bone physes in childhood
- Account for majority of longitudinal growth
- Predominately at long bone physes in childhood
- 2° growth centers: Ossification centers that do not significantly contribute to longitudinal growth; in general
- Surrounded by growth plate & unossified cartilage
- Found at articulations of long bones (epiphyses) & nonarticular equivalents (apophyses, carpals, tarsals, etc.)
- Accessory ossicles: Supernumerary bones commonly derived from unfused secondary ossification centers
- Endochondral ossification: Bone formation of preexisting cartilage model at 1° & 2° growth centers
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Natural History & Prognosis
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Jaimes C et al: MR imaging of normal epiphyseal development and common epiphyseal disorders. Radiographics. 34(2):449-71, 2014
- Kwong S et al: Skeletal development of the proximal humerus in the pediatric population: MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 202(2):418-25, 2014
- Kan HJ et al: Embryology, anatomy, and normal findings. In Coley BD et al: Caffey's Pediatric Imaging. 12th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders. 1327-46, 2013
- Keats TE et al: Atlas of normal roentgen variants that may simulate disease. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier/Saunders, 2013
- Karwacki GM et al: Normal ossification patterns of atlas and axis: a CT study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 33(10):1882-7, 2012
- Laor T et al: Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans: is it a growth disturbance of the secondary physis of the epiphysis? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 199(5):1121-8, 2012
- Thapa MM et al: MRI of pediatric patients: Part 2, normal variants and abnormalities of the knee. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 198(5):W456-65, 2012
- Thapa MM et al: MRI of pediatric patients: Part 1, normal and abnormal cartilage. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 198(5):W450-5, 2012
- Khanna PC et al: The growing skeleton: MR imaging appearances of developing cartilage. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 17(3):411-21, v, 2009
- Laor T et al: MR imaging insights into skeletal maturation: what is normal? Radiology. 250(1):28-38, 2009
- Nemzek WR et al: MR, CT, and plain film imaging of the developing skull base in fetal specimens. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 21(9):1699-706, 2000
