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Head and Neck
Diagnosis
Pediatric Lesions
Malignant Tumors
Primary Cervical Neuroblastoma
Primary Cervical Neuroblastoma
Bernadette L. Koch, MD
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KEY FACTS

  • Terminology

    • Imaging

      • Top Differential Diagnoses

        • Clinical Issues

          TERMINOLOGY

          • Abbreviations

            • Neuroblastoma (NBL)

          • Definitions

            • Malignant tumor of sympathetic chain primitive neural crest cells
            • Increasing degrees of cellular differentiation/benignity along spectrum: Neuroblastoma [(NBL), malignant] → ganglioneuroblastoma (GNBL) → ganglioneuroma [(GN), benign]

          IMAGING

          • General Features

            • Imaging Recommendations

              • Radiographic Findings

                • CT Findings

                  • MR Findings

                    • Ultrasonographic Findings

                      • Nuclear Medicine Findings

                        DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                          PATHOLOGY

                          • General Features

                            • Staging, Grading, & Classification

                              • Microscopic Features

                                CLINICAL ISSUES

                                • Presentation

                                  • Demographics

                                    • Natural History & Prognosis

                                      • Treatment

                                        DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST

                                        • Consider

                                          Selected References

                                          1. Kaufmann MR et al: Factors associated with the improved survival of head and neck neuroblastomas compared to other body sites. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 128(3):241-8, 2019
                                          2. Newman EA et al: Update on neuroblastoma. J Pediatr Surg. 54(3):383-9, 2019
                                          3. Chen AM et al: A review of neuroblastoma image-defined risk factors on magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatr Radiol. 48(9):1337-47, 2018
                                          4. Csanády M et al: Multidisciplinary management of cervical neuroblastoma in infants. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 78(12):2103-6, 2014
                                          5. Qureshi SS et al: Outcome and morbidity of surgical resection of primary cervical and cervicothoracic neuroblastoma in children: a comparative analysis. Pediatr Surg Int. 30(3):267-73, 2014
                                          6. Vo KT et al: Clinical, biologic, and prognostic differences on the basis of primary tumor site in neuroblastoma: a report from the international neuroblastoma risk group project. J Clin Oncol. 32(28):3169-76, 2014
                                          7. Okamatsu C et al: Clinicopathological characteristics of ganglioneuroma and ganglioneuroblastoma: a report from the CCG and COG. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 53(4):563-9, 2009
                                          8. Sharp SE et al: 123I-MIBG scintigraphy and 18F-FDG PET in neuroblastoma. J Nucl Med. 50(8):1237-43, 2009
                                          9. Okazaki T et al: Retropharyngeal neuroblastoma in a neonate: case report and literature review. Pediatr Surg Int. 23(10):1023-6, 2007
                                          10. Jonas NE et al: Primary neuroblastoma: a rare cause of a retropharyngeal mass in a neonate. J Laryngol Otol. 120(3):E15, 2006
                                          11. Mutch LS et al: Late presentation of opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome in a child with stage 4S neuroblastoma. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 27(6):341-3, 2005
                                          12. Paulino AC et al: Secondary neoplasms after radiotherapy for a childhood solid tumor. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 22(2):89-101, 2005
                                          13. Cardesa-Salzmann TM et al: Congenital cervical neuroblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 43(7):785-7, 2004
                                          14. Michalowski MB et al: [Neonatal localized neuroblastoma: 52 cases treated from 1990 to 1999.] Arch Pediatr. 11(7):782-8, 2004
                                          15. Haddad M et al: Localized cervical neuroblastoma: prevention of surgical complications. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 67(12):1361-7, 2003
                                          16. Lonergan GJ et al: Neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, and ganglioneuroma: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 22(4):911-34, 2002
                                          17. Moukheiber AK et al: Primary pediatric neuroblastic tumors of the neck. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 60(2):155-61, 2001
                                          18. Yanchar NL et al: Pitfalls in the interpretation of MIBG scans in cervical neuroblastoma. Pediatr Surg Int. 16(5-6):451-3, 2000
                                          19. Shimada H et al: The International Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification (the Shimada system). Cancer. 86(2):364-72, 1999
                                          20. Kaneko M et al: Complete resection is not required in patients with neuroblastoma under 1 year of age. J Pediatr Surg. 33(11):1690-4, 1998
                                          21. Goldberg RM et al: Intracranial route of a cervical neuroblastoma through skull base foramina. Pediatr Radiol. 26(10):715-6, 1996
                                          22. Abramson SJ et al: Cervical neuroblastoma in eleven infants--a tumor with favorable prognosis. Clinical and radiologic (US, CT, MRI) findings. Pediatr Radiol. 23(4):253-7, 1993
                                          23. Al-Jassim AH: Cervical ganglioneuroblastoma. J Laryngol Otol. 101(3):296-301, 1987
                                          24. Smith MC et al: Primary cervical neuroblastoma in infants. J Laryngol Otol. 99(2):209-14, 1985
                                          25. King D et al: Dumbbell neuroblastomas in children. Arch Surg. 110(8):888-91, 1975
                                          Related Anatomy
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                                          Related Differential Diagnoses
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                                          References
                                          Tables

                                          Tables

                                          KEY FACTS

                                          • Terminology

                                            • Imaging

                                              • Top Differential Diagnoses

                                                • Clinical Issues

                                                  TERMINOLOGY

                                                  • Abbreviations

                                                    • Neuroblastoma (NBL)

                                                  • Definitions

                                                    • Malignant tumor of sympathetic chain primitive neural crest cells
                                                    • Increasing degrees of cellular differentiation/benignity along spectrum: Neuroblastoma [(NBL), malignant] → ganglioneuroblastoma (GNBL) → ganglioneuroma [(GN), benign]

                                                  IMAGING

                                                  • General Features

                                                    • Imaging Recommendations

                                                      • Radiographic Findings

                                                        • CT Findings

                                                          • MR Findings

                                                            • Ultrasonographic Findings

                                                              • Nuclear Medicine Findings

                                                                DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                                                                  PATHOLOGY

                                                                  • General Features

                                                                    • Staging, Grading, & Classification

                                                                      • Microscopic Features

                                                                        CLINICAL ISSUES

                                                                        • Presentation

                                                                          • Demographics

                                                                            • Natural History & Prognosis

                                                                              • Treatment

                                                                                DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST

                                                                                • Consider

                                                                                  Selected References

                                                                                  1. Kaufmann MR et al: Factors associated with the improved survival of head and neck neuroblastomas compared to other body sites. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 128(3):241-8, 2019
                                                                                  2. Newman EA et al: Update on neuroblastoma. J Pediatr Surg. 54(3):383-9, 2019
                                                                                  3. Chen AM et al: A review of neuroblastoma image-defined risk factors on magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatr Radiol. 48(9):1337-47, 2018
                                                                                  4. Csanády M et al: Multidisciplinary management of cervical neuroblastoma in infants. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 78(12):2103-6, 2014
                                                                                  5. Qureshi SS et al: Outcome and morbidity of surgical resection of primary cervical and cervicothoracic neuroblastoma in children: a comparative analysis. Pediatr Surg Int. 30(3):267-73, 2014
                                                                                  6. Vo KT et al: Clinical, biologic, and prognostic differences on the basis of primary tumor site in neuroblastoma: a report from the international neuroblastoma risk group project. J Clin Oncol. 32(28):3169-76, 2014
                                                                                  7. Okamatsu C et al: Clinicopathological characteristics of ganglioneuroma and ganglioneuroblastoma: a report from the CCG and COG. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 53(4):563-9, 2009
                                                                                  8. Sharp SE et al: 123I-MIBG scintigraphy and 18F-FDG PET in neuroblastoma. J Nucl Med. 50(8):1237-43, 2009
                                                                                  9. Okazaki T et al: Retropharyngeal neuroblastoma in a neonate: case report and literature review. Pediatr Surg Int. 23(10):1023-6, 2007
                                                                                  10. Jonas NE et al: Primary neuroblastoma: a rare cause of a retropharyngeal mass in a neonate. J Laryngol Otol. 120(3):E15, 2006
                                                                                  11. Mutch LS et al: Late presentation of opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome in a child with stage 4S neuroblastoma. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 27(6):341-3, 2005
                                                                                  12. Paulino AC et al: Secondary neoplasms after radiotherapy for a childhood solid tumor. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 22(2):89-101, 2005
                                                                                  13. Cardesa-Salzmann TM et al: Congenital cervical neuroblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 43(7):785-7, 2004
                                                                                  14. Michalowski MB et al: [Neonatal localized neuroblastoma: 52 cases treated from 1990 to 1999.] Arch Pediatr. 11(7):782-8, 2004
                                                                                  15. Haddad M et al: Localized cervical neuroblastoma: prevention of surgical complications. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 67(12):1361-7, 2003
                                                                                  16. Lonergan GJ et al: Neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, and ganglioneuroma: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 22(4):911-34, 2002
                                                                                  17. Moukheiber AK et al: Primary pediatric neuroblastic tumors of the neck. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 60(2):155-61, 2001
                                                                                  18. Yanchar NL et al: Pitfalls in the interpretation of MIBG scans in cervical neuroblastoma. Pediatr Surg Int. 16(5-6):451-3, 2000
                                                                                  19. Shimada H et al: The International Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification (the Shimada system). Cancer. 86(2):364-72, 1999
                                                                                  20. Kaneko M et al: Complete resection is not required in patients with neuroblastoma under 1 year of age. J Pediatr Surg. 33(11):1690-4, 1998
                                                                                  21. Goldberg RM et al: Intracranial route of a cervical neuroblastoma through skull base foramina. Pediatr Radiol. 26(10):715-6, 1996
                                                                                  22. Abramson SJ et al: Cervical neuroblastoma in eleven infants--a tumor with favorable prognosis. Clinical and radiologic (US, CT, MRI) findings. Pediatr Radiol. 23(4):253-7, 1993
                                                                                  23. Al-Jassim AH: Cervical ganglioneuroblastoma. J Laryngol Otol. 101(3):296-301, 1987
                                                                                  24. Smith MC et al: Primary cervical neuroblastoma in infants. J Laryngol Otol. 99(2):209-14, 1985
                                                                                  25. King D et al: Dumbbell neuroblastomas in children. Arch Surg. 110(8):888-91, 1975