Inflammation of colon by Clostridium difficile toxins A & B
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
CT Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Concepcion NDP et al: Imaging assessment of complications from transplantation from pediatric to adult patients: part 2: hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Radiol Clin North Am. 58(3):569-82, 2020
Duffin C et al: Radiologic imaging of bowel infections. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 41(1):33-45, 2020
Guerri S et al: Clostridium difficile colitis: CT findings and differential diagnosis. Radiol Med. 124(12):1185-98, 2019
Borali E et al: Clostridium difficile infection in children: a review. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 63(6):e130-40, 2016
Choi HH et al: Fecal microbiota transplantation: current applications, effectiveness, and future perspectives. Clin Endosc. 49(3):257-65, 2016
Baker ME: Acute infectious and inflammatory enterocolitides. Radiol Clin North Am. 53(6):1255-71, 2015
Wiener-Well Y et al: Ultrasound diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 34(10):1975-8, 2015
Hookman P et al: Clostridium difficile associated infection, diarrhea and colitis. World J Gastroenterol. 15(13):1554-80, 2009
Zilberberg MD et al: Increase in adult Clostridium difficile-related hospitalizations and case-fatality rate, United States, 2000-2005. Emerg Infect Dis. 14(6):929-31, 2008
Nelson R: Antibiotic treatment for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (3):CD004610, 2007
Ramachandran I et al: Pseudomembranous colitis revisited: spectrum of imaging findings. Clin Radiol. 61(7):535-44, 2006
Razzaq R et al: Ultrasound diagnosis of clinically undetected Clostridium difficile toxin colitis. Clin Radiol. 61(5):446-52, 2006
Thoeni RF et al: CT imaging of colitis. Radiology. 240(3):623-38, 2006
Hussain SZ et al: Clostridium difficile colitis in children with cystic fibrosis. Dig Dis Sci. 49(1):116-21, 2004
Lembcke B et al: Antibiotic-associated diarrhea: therapeutic aspects and practical guidelines--an interdisciplinary approach to a common problem. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax. 92(17):809-16, 2003
Spivack JG et al: Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a pediatric hospital. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 42(4):347-52, 2003
Hurley BW et al: The spectrum of pseudomembranous enterocolitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Arch Intern Med. 162(19):2177-84, 2002
Inflammation of colon by Clostridium difficile toxins A & B
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
CT Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Concepcion NDP et al: Imaging assessment of complications from transplantation from pediatric to adult patients: part 2: hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Radiol Clin North Am. 58(3):569-82, 2020
Duffin C et al: Radiologic imaging of bowel infections. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 41(1):33-45, 2020
Guerri S et al: Clostridium difficile colitis: CT findings and differential diagnosis. Radiol Med. 124(12):1185-98, 2019
Borali E et al: Clostridium difficile infection in children: a review. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 63(6):e130-40, 2016
Choi HH et al: Fecal microbiota transplantation: current applications, effectiveness, and future perspectives. Clin Endosc. 49(3):257-65, 2016
Baker ME: Acute infectious and inflammatory enterocolitides. Radiol Clin North Am. 53(6):1255-71, 2015
Wiener-Well Y et al: Ultrasound diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 34(10):1975-8, 2015
Hookman P et al: Clostridium difficile associated infection, diarrhea and colitis. World J Gastroenterol. 15(13):1554-80, 2009
Zilberberg MD et al: Increase in adult Clostridium difficile-related hospitalizations and case-fatality rate, United States, 2000-2005. Emerg Infect Dis. 14(6):929-31, 2008
Nelson R: Antibiotic treatment for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (3):CD004610, 2007
Ramachandran I et al: Pseudomembranous colitis revisited: spectrum of imaging findings. Clin Radiol. 61(7):535-44, 2006
Razzaq R et al: Ultrasound diagnosis of clinically undetected Clostridium difficile toxin colitis. Clin Radiol. 61(5):446-52, 2006
Thoeni RF et al: CT imaging of colitis. Radiology. 240(3):623-38, 2006
Hussain SZ et al: Clostridium difficile colitis in children with cystic fibrosis. Dig Dis Sci. 49(1):116-21, 2004
Lembcke B et al: Antibiotic-associated diarrhea: therapeutic aspects and practical guidelines--an interdisciplinary approach to a common problem. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax. 92(17):809-16, 2003
Spivack JG et al: Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a pediatric hospital. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 42(4):347-52, 2003
Hurley BW et al: The spectrum of pseudomembranous enterocolitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Arch Intern Med. 162(19):2177-84, 2002