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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Pterygoid venous plexus (PVP) asymmetry
Synonyms
- Pterygoid plexus
Definitions
- Unilateral prominence of deep facial venous network draining cavernous sinus
- Usually incidental finding on brain or neck imaging
- May be secondary to underlying carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) or arteriovenous malformation
- Angiography indicated in symptomatic patients
- Usually incidental finding on brain or neck imaging
- Unilateral prominence of deep facial venous network draining cavernous sinus
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
- Golub B, Bordoni B. Neuroanatomy, pterygoid plexus. StatPearls, 2020
- Fabre C et al: Maxillary sinusitis complicated by stroke. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 135(6):449-51, 2018
- Bernal-Mañas CM et al: New anatomo-radiological findings of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Surg Radiol Anat. 38(9):1033-43, 2016
- Qureshi AI et al: Patterns and rates of supplementary venous drainage to the internal jugular veins. J Neuroimaging. 26(4):445-9, 2016
- Kim E et al: MRI and MR angiography findings to differentiate jugular venous reflux from cavernous dural arteriovenous fistula. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 202(4):839-46, 2014
- Watanabe K et al: Normal flow signal of the pterygoid plexus on 3T MRA in patients without DAVF of the cavernous sinus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 34(6):1232-6, 2013
- Oshima T et al: Involvement of pterygoid venous plexus in patulous eustachian tube symptoms. Acta Otolaryngol. 127(7):693-9, 2007
- Tanoue S et al: Para-cavernous sinus venous structures: anatomic variations and pathologic conditions evaluated on fat-suppressed 3D fast gradient-echo MR images. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 27(5):1083-9, 2006
- Schievink WI et al: Spontaneous carotid-jugular fistula and carotid dissection in a patient with multiple intracranial arachnoid cysts and hemifacial atrophy: a generalized connective tissue disorder? Case report. J Neurosurg. 83(3):546-9, 1995
- Lanzieri CF et al: The significance of asymmetry of the foramen of Vesalius. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 9(6):1201-4, 1988
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Pterygoid venous plexus (PVP) asymmetry
Synonyms
- Pterygoid plexus
Definitions
- Unilateral prominence of deep facial venous network draining cavernous sinus
- Usually incidental finding on brain or neck imaging
- May be secondary to underlying carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) or arteriovenous malformation
- Angiography indicated in symptomatic patients
- Usually incidental finding on brain or neck imaging
- Unilateral prominence of deep facial venous network draining cavernous sinus
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
- Golub B, Bordoni B. Neuroanatomy, pterygoid plexus. StatPearls, 2020
- Fabre C et al: Maxillary sinusitis complicated by stroke. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 135(6):449-51, 2018
- Bernal-Mañas CM et al: New anatomo-radiological findings of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Surg Radiol Anat. 38(9):1033-43, 2016
- Qureshi AI et al: Patterns and rates of supplementary venous drainage to the internal jugular veins. J Neuroimaging. 26(4):445-9, 2016
- Kim E et al: MRI and MR angiography findings to differentiate jugular venous reflux from cavernous dural arteriovenous fistula. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 202(4):839-46, 2014
- Watanabe K et al: Normal flow signal of the pterygoid plexus on 3T MRA in patients without DAVF of the cavernous sinus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 34(6):1232-6, 2013
- Oshima T et al: Involvement of pterygoid venous plexus in patulous eustachian tube symptoms. Acta Otolaryngol. 127(7):693-9, 2007
- Tanoue S et al: Para-cavernous sinus venous structures: anatomic variations and pathologic conditions evaluated on fat-suppressed 3D fast gradient-echo MR images. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 27(5):1083-9, 2006
- Schievink WI et al: Spontaneous carotid-jugular fistula and carotid dissection in a patient with multiple intracranial arachnoid cysts and hemifacial atrophy: a generalized connective tissue disorder? Case report. J Neurosurg. 83(3):546-9, 1995
- Lanzieri CF et al: The significance of asymmetry of the foramen of Vesalius. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 9(6):1201-4, 1988
