Benign, reversible enlargement of nodes in response to antigen stimulus
Lymphadenopathy: Enlargement of lymph nodes
Due to proliferation of normal lymphatic tissue or invasion by inflammatory/neoplastic cells
Lymphadenitis: Lymphadenopathy due to invasion by inflammatory cells
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Pattanayak S et al: Ultrasound evaluation of cervical lymphadenopathy: can it reduce the need of histopathology/cytopathology? Med J Armed Forces India. 74(3):227-34, 2018
Zakaria OM et al: Reliability of sonoelastography in predicting pediatric cervical lymph node malignancy. Pediatr Surg Int. 34(8):885-90, 2018
El Beltagi AH et al: Imaging of pediatric chronic neck infections. J Pediatr Neurol. 15:294-304, 2017
Al Kadah B et al: Cervical lymphadenopathy: study of 251 patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 272(3):745-52, 2015
Choi YJ et al: Ultrasound elastography for evaluation of cervical lymph nodes. Ultrasonography. 34(3):157-64, 2015
Eisenmenger LB et al: Imaging of head and neck lymph nodes. Radiol Clin North Am. 53(1):115-32, 2015
Si J et al: Usefulness of 3T diffusion-weighted MRI for discrimination of reactive and metastatic cervical lymph nodes in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma: a pilot study. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 43(3):20130202, 2014
Srinivasan A et al: Biologic imaging of head and neck cancer: the present and the future. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 33(4):586-94, 2012
Thoeny HC et al: Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in the head and neck. Radiology. 263(1):19-32, 2012
Annam V et al: Clinicopathologic profile of significant cervical lymphadenopathy in children aged 1-12 years. Acta Cytol. 53(2):174-8, 2009
Holzapfel K et al: Value of diffusion-weighted MR imaging in the differentiation between benign and malignant cervical lymph nodes. Eur J Radiol. 72(3):381-7, 2009
Abdel-Galiil K et al: Incidence of sarcoidosis in head and neck cancer. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 46(1):59-60, 2008
Chan JM et al: Ultrasonography of abnormal neck lymph nodes. Ultrasound Q. 23(1):47-54, 2007
Leung AK et al: Childhood cervical lymphadenopathy. J Pediatr Health Care. 18(1):3-7, 2004
Ishikawa M et al: MR imaging of lymph nodes in the head and neck. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 10(3):527-42, 2002
Ahuja AT et al: Distribution of intranodal vessels in differentiating benign from metastatic neck nodes. Clin Radiol. 56(3):197-201, 2001
Papakonstantinou O et al: High-resolution and color Doppler ultrasonography of cervical lymphadenopathy in children. Acta Radiol. 42(5):470-6, 2001
Ahuja A et al: Grey-scale sonography in assessment of cervical lymphadenopathy: review of sonographic appearances and features that may help a beginner. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 38(5):451-9, 2000
Hudgins PA: Nodal and nonnodal inflammatory processes of the pediatric neck. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 10(1):181-92, ix, 2000
Robson CD et al: Nontuberculous mycobacterial infection of the head and neck in immunocompetent children: CT and MR findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 20(10):1829-35, 1999
Benign, reversible enlargement of nodes in response to antigen stimulus
Lymphadenopathy: Enlargement of lymph nodes
Due to proliferation of normal lymphatic tissue or invasion by inflammatory/neoplastic cells
Lymphadenitis: Lymphadenopathy due to invasion by inflammatory cells
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Pattanayak S et al: Ultrasound evaluation of cervical lymphadenopathy: can it reduce the need of histopathology/cytopathology? Med J Armed Forces India. 74(3):227-34, 2018
Zakaria OM et al: Reliability of sonoelastography in predicting pediatric cervical lymph node malignancy. Pediatr Surg Int. 34(8):885-90, 2018
El Beltagi AH et al: Imaging of pediatric chronic neck infections. J Pediatr Neurol. 15:294-304, 2017
Al Kadah B et al: Cervical lymphadenopathy: study of 251 patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 272(3):745-52, 2015
Choi YJ et al: Ultrasound elastography for evaluation of cervical lymph nodes. Ultrasonography. 34(3):157-64, 2015
Eisenmenger LB et al: Imaging of head and neck lymph nodes. Radiol Clin North Am. 53(1):115-32, 2015
Si J et al: Usefulness of 3T diffusion-weighted MRI for discrimination of reactive and metastatic cervical lymph nodes in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma: a pilot study. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 43(3):20130202, 2014
Srinivasan A et al: Biologic imaging of head and neck cancer: the present and the future. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 33(4):586-94, 2012
Thoeny HC et al: Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in the head and neck. Radiology. 263(1):19-32, 2012
Annam V et al: Clinicopathologic profile of significant cervical lymphadenopathy in children aged 1-12 years. Acta Cytol. 53(2):174-8, 2009
Holzapfel K et al: Value of diffusion-weighted MR imaging in the differentiation between benign and malignant cervical lymph nodes. Eur J Radiol. 72(3):381-7, 2009
Abdel-Galiil K et al: Incidence of sarcoidosis in head and neck cancer. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 46(1):59-60, 2008
Chan JM et al: Ultrasonography of abnormal neck lymph nodes. Ultrasound Q. 23(1):47-54, 2007
Leung AK et al: Childhood cervical lymphadenopathy. J Pediatr Health Care. 18(1):3-7, 2004
Ishikawa M et al: MR imaging of lymph nodes in the head and neck. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 10(3):527-42, 2002
Ahuja AT et al: Distribution of intranodal vessels in differentiating benign from metastatic neck nodes. Clin Radiol. 56(3):197-201, 2001
Papakonstantinou O et al: High-resolution and color Doppler ultrasonography of cervical lymphadenopathy in children. Acta Radiol. 42(5):470-6, 2001
Ahuja A et al: Grey-scale sonography in assessment of cervical lymphadenopathy: review of sonographic appearances and features that may help a beginner. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 38(5):451-9, 2000
Hudgins PA: Nodal and nonnodal inflammatory processes of the pediatric neck. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 10(1):181-92, ix, 2000
Robson CD et al: Nontuberculous mycobacterial infection of the head and neck in immunocompetent children: CT and MR findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 20(10):1829-35, 1999
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