Attenberger UI et al: Reduced and standard field-of-view diffusion weighted imaging in patients with rectal cancer at 3 T-Comparison of image quality and apparent diffusion coefficient measurements. Eur J Radiol. 131:109257, 2020
Keller DS: Staging of locally advanced rectal cancer beyond TME. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 33(5):258-67, 2020
Lord AC et al: MRI-diagnosed tumour deposits and EMVI status have superior prognostic accuracy to current clinical TNM staging in rectal cancer. Ann Surg. ePub, 2020
Santiago I et al: The split scar sign as an indicator of sustained complete response after neoadjuvant therapy in rectal cancer. Eur Radiol. 30(1):224-38, 2020
Xu H et al: Prediction model combining clinical and MR data for diagnosis of lymph node metastasis in patients with rectal cancer. J Magn Reson Imaging. ePub, 2020
Hope TA et al: Rectal cancer lexicon: consensus statement from the society of abdominal radiology rectal & anal cancer disease-focused panel. Abdom Radiol (NY). 44(11):3508-17, 2019
Horvat N et al: MRI of rectal cancer: tumor staging, imaging techniques, and management. Radiographics. 39(2):367-87, 2019
Benson AB et al: Rectal cancer, version 2.2018, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 16(7):874-901, 2018
Amin MB et al: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th Ed. Springer New York, 2017
Lim SB et al: Nonoperative strategies for rectal cancer following a complete clinical response to preoperative chemoradiation: a few considerations. Oncology (Williston Park). 28(7):620-1, 2014
Minsky BD et al: MRI-based treatment decision making for rectal cancer. Oncology (Williston Park). 28(8):680-1, 2014
Monson JR et al: Failure of evidence-based cancer care in the United States: the association between rectal cancer treatment, cancer center volume, and geography. Ann Surg. 260(4):625-31; discussion 631-2, 2014
Winter D: Outcomes in locally advanced rectal cancer with highly selective preoperative chemoradiotherapy--editor's comments. Br J Surg. 101(10):1298, 2014
Patel UB et al: Magnetic resonance imaging-detected tumor response for locally advanced rectal cancer predicts survival outcomes: MERCURY experience. J Clin Oncol. 29(28):3753-60, 2011
Hoffman JR et al: Carcinoma of the prostate with aggressive rectal invasion. Am Surg. 75(5):434-6, 2009
Shen SS et al: Number of lymph nodes examined and associated clinicopathologic factors in colorectal carcinoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 133(5):781-6, 2009
Silva AC et al: Evaluation of benign and malignant rectal lesions with CT colonography and endoscopic correlation. Radiographics. 26(4):1085-99, 2006
Stollfuss JC et al: Rectal carcinoma: high-spatial-resolution MR imaging and T2 quantification in rectal cancer specimens. Radiology. 241(1):132-41, 2006
Fuchsjäger MH et al: Comparison of transrectal sonography and double-contrast MR imaging when staging rectal cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 181(2):421-7, 2003
Levine MS et al: Diagnosis of colorectal neoplasms at double-contrast barium enema examination. Radiology. 216(1):11-8, 2000
Maier AG et al: Transrectal sonography of anal sphincter infiltration in lower rectal carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 175(3):735-9, 2000
Winawer SJ et al: A comparison of colonoscopy and double-contrast barium enema for surveillance after polypectomy. National Polyp Study Work Group. N Engl J Med. 342(24):1766-72, 2000
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Malignant transformation of rectal mucosa
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Attenberger UI et al: Reduced and standard field-of-view diffusion weighted imaging in patients with rectal cancer at 3 T-Comparison of image quality and apparent diffusion coefficient measurements. Eur J Radiol. 131:109257, 2020
Keller DS: Staging of locally advanced rectal cancer beyond TME. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 33(5):258-67, 2020
Lord AC et al: MRI-diagnosed tumour deposits and EMVI status have superior prognostic accuracy to current clinical TNM staging in rectal cancer. Ann Surg. ePub, 2020
Santiago I et al: The split scar sign as an indicator of sustained complete response after neoadjuvant therapy in rectal cancer. Eur Radiol. 30(1):224-38, 2020
Xu H et al: Prediction model combining clinical and MR data for diagnosis of lymph node metastasis in patients with rectal cancer. J Magn Reson Imaging. ePub, 2020
Hope TA et al: Rectal cancer lexicon: consensus statement from the society of abdominal radiology rectal & anal cancer disease-focused panel. Abdom Radiol (NY). 44(11):3508-17, 2019
Horvat N et al: MRI of rectal cancer: tumor staging, imaging techniques, and management. Radiographics. 39(2):367-87, 2019
Benson AB et al: Rectal cancer, version 2.2018, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 16(7):874-901, 2018
Amin MB et al: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th Ed. Springer New York, 2017
Lim SB et al: Nonoperative strategies for rectal cancer following a complete clinical response to preoperative chemoradiation: a few considerations. Oncology (Williston Park). 28(7):620-1, 2014
Minsky BD et al: MRI-based treatment decision making for rectal cancer. Oncology (Williston Park). 28(8):680-1, 2014
Monson JR et al: Failure of evidence-based cancer care in the United States: the association between rectal cancer treatment, cancer center volume, and geography. Ann Surg. 260(4):625-31; discussion 631-2, 2014
Winter D: Outcomes in locally advanced rectal cancer with highly selective preoperative chemoradiotherapy--editor's comments. Br J Surg. 101(10):1298, 2014
Patel UB et al: Magnetic resonance imaging-detected tumor response for locally advanced rectal cancer predicts survival outcomes: MERCURY experience. J Clin Oncol. 29(28):3753-60, 2011
Hoffman JR et al: Carcinoma of the prostate with aggressive rectal invasion. Am Surg. 75(5):434-6, 2009
Shen SS et al: Number of lymph nodes examined and associated clinicopathologic factors in colorectal carcinoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 133(5):781-6, 2009
Silva AC et al: Evaluation of benign and malignant rectal lesions with CT colonography and endoscopic correlation. Radiographics. 26(4):1085-99, 2006
Stollfuss JC et al: Rectal carcinoma: high-spatial-resolution MR imaging and T2 quantification in rectal cancer specimens. Radiology. 241(1):132-41, 2006
Fuchsjäger MH et al: Comparison of transrectal sonography and double-contrast MR imaging when staging rectal cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 181(2):421-7, 2003
Levine MS et al: Diagnosis of colorectal neoplasms at double-contrast barium enema examination. Radiology. 216(1):11-8, 2000
Maier AG et al: Transrectal sonography of anal sphincter infiltration in lower rectal carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 175(3):735-9, 2000
Winawer SJ et al: A comparison of colonoscopy and double-contrast barium enema for surveillance after polypectomy. National Polyp Study Work Group. N Engl J Med. 342(24):1766-72, 2000
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