Localized proliferation of liver parenchyma within cirrhotic liver in response to liver injury
May progress to become dysplastic or even malignant
IMAGING
General Features
Imaging Recommendations
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Li S et al: Diagnostic efficacy of contrast-enhanced ultrasound versus MRI Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) for categorising hepatic observations in patients at risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Radiol. 76(2):161.e1-10, 2021
Joo I et al: Radiologic-pathologic correlation of hepatobiliary phase hypointense nodules without arterial phase hyperenhancement at gadoxetic acid-enhanced mri: a multicenter study. Radiology. 296(2):335-45, 2020
Inchingolo R et al: MR with Gd-EOB-DTPA in assessment of liver nodules in cirrhotic patients. World J Hepatol. 10(7):462-73, 2018
Sato T et al: Natural history of large regenerative nodules and dysplastic nodules in liver cirrhosis: 28-year follow-up study. Hepatol Int. 9(2):330-6, 2015
Rich N et al: Hepatocellular carcinoma tumour markers: current role and expectations. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 28(5):843-53, 2014
Ronot M et al: Hepatocellular carcinoma: diagnostic criteria by imaging techniques. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 28(5):795-812, 2014
Bartolozzi C et al: Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of 102 nodules in cirrhosis: correlation with histological findings on explanted livers. Abdom Imaging. 38(2):290-6, 2013
Nakamura S et al: The diagnosis of hypovascular hepatic lesions showing hypo-intensity in the hepatobiliary phase of Gd-EOB- DTPA-enhanced MR imaging in high-risk patients for hepatocellular carcinoma. Acta Med Okayama. 67(4):239-44, 2013
Quaia E et al: Predictors of dysplastic nodule diagnosis in patients with liver cirrhosis on unenhanced and gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced MRI with dynamic and hepatobiliary phase. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 200(3):553-62, 2013
Giorgio A et al: Characterization of dysplastic nodules, early hepatocellular carcinoma and progressed hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis with contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Anticancer Res. 31(11):3977-82, 2011
Lee JM et al: Hepatocellular nodules in liver cirrhosis: MR evaluation. Abdom Imaging. 36(3):282-9, 2011
Ouedraogo NA et al: Dysplastic hepatic nodules: radiological abnormalities and histopathological correlations. Eur J Radiol. 79(2):232-6, 2011
Chou CT et al: Characterization of cirrhotic nodules with gadoxetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging: the efficacy of hepatocyte-phase imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 32(4):895-902, 2010
Hanna RF et al: Cirrhosis-associated hepatocellular nodules: correlation of histopathologic and MR imaging features. Radiographics. 28(3):747-69, 2008
Lencioni R et al: Guidelines for imaging focal lesions in liver cirrhosis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2(5):697-703, 2008
Lupescu IG et al: Tissue specific MR contrast media role in the differential diagnosis of cirrhotic liver nodules. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 17(3):341-6, 2008
Robinson P: Hepatocellular carcinoma: development and early detection. Cancer Imaging. 8 Suppl A:S128-31, 2008
Roncalli M et al: Hepatocellular dysplastic nodules. Ann Ital Chir. 79(2):81-9, 2008
Krinsky GA et al: Nondysplastic nodules that are hyperintense on T1-weighted gradient-echo MR imaging: frequency in cirrhotic patients undergoing transplantation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 180(4):1023-7, 2003
Hussain SM et al: Benign versus malignant hepatic nodules: MR imaging findings with pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 22(5):1023-36; discussion 1037-9, 2002
Krinsky GA et al: Siderotic nodules in the cirrhotic liver at MR imaging with explant correlation: no increased frequency of dysplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiology. 218(1):47-53, 2001
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Regenerative nodule (RN)
Dysplastic nodule (DN)
Synonyms
Cirrhotic nodule
Definitions
Localized proliferation of liver parenchyma within cirrhotic liver in response to liver injury
May progress to become dysplastic or even malignant
IMAGING
General Features
Imaging Recommendations
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Li S et al: Diagnostic efficacy of contrast-enhanced ultrasound versus MRI Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) for categorising hepatic observations in patients at risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Radiol. 76(2):161.e1-10, 2021
Joo I et al: Radiologic-pathologic correlation of hepatobiliary phase hypointense nodules without arterial phase hyperenhancement at gadoxetic acid-enhanced mri: a multicenter study. Radiology. 296(2):335-45, 2020
Inchingolo R et al: MR with Gd-EOB-DTPA in assessment of liver nodules in cirrhotic patients. World J Hepatol. 10(7):462-73, 2018
Sato T et al: Natural history of large regenerative nodules and dysplastic nodules in liver cirrhosis: 28-year follow-up study. Hepatol Int. 9(2):330-6, 2015
Rich N et al: Hepatocellular carcinoma tumour markers: current role and expectations. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 28(5):843-53, 2014
Ronot M et al: Hepatocellular carcinoma: diagnostic criteria by imaging techniques. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 28(5):795-812, 2014
Bartolozzi C et al: Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of 102 nodules in cirrhosis: correlation with histological findings on explanted livers. Abdom Imaging. 38(2):290-6, 2013
Nakamura S et al: The diagnosis of hypovascular hepatic lesions showing hypo-intensity in the hepatobiliary phase of Gd-EOB- DTPA-enhanced MR imaging in high-risk patients for hepatocellular carcinoma. Acta Med Okayama. 67(4):239-44, 2013
Quaia E et al: Predictors of dysplastic nodule diagnosis in patients with liver cirrhosis on unenhanced and gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced MRI with dynamic and hepatobiliary phase. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 200(3):553-62, 2013
Giorgio A et al: Characterization of dysplastic nodules, early hepatocellular carcinoma and progressed hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis with contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Anticancer Res. 31(11):3977-82, 2011
Lee JM et al: Hepatocellular nodules in liver cirrhosis: MR evaluation. Abdom Imaging. 36(3):282-9, 2011
Ouedraogo NA et al: Dysplastic hepatic nodules: radiological abnormalities and histopathological correlations. Eur J Radiol. 79(2):232-6, 2011
Chou CT et al: Characterization of cirrhotic nodules with gadoxetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging: the efficacy of hepatocyte-phase imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 32(4):895-902, 2010
Hanna RF et al: Cirrhosis-associated hepatocellular nodules: correlation of histopathologic and MR imaging features. Radiographics. 28(3):747-69, 2008
Lencioni R et al: Guidelines for imaging focal lesions in liver cirrhosis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2(5):697-703, 2008
Lupescu IG et al: Tissue specific MR contrast media role in the differential diagnosis of cirrhotic liver nodules. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 17(3):341-6, 2008
Robinson P: Hepatocellular carcinoma: development and early detection. Cancer Imaging. 8 Suppl A:S128-31, 2008
Roncalli M et al: Hepatocellular dysplastic nodules. Ann Ital Chir. 79(2):81-9, 2008
Krinsky GA et al: Nondysplastic nodules that are hyperintense on T1-weighted gradient-echo MR imaging: frequency in cirrhotic patients undergoing transplantation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 180(4):1023-7, 2003
Hussain SM et al: Benign versus malignant hepatic nodules: MR imaging findings with pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 22(5):1023-36; discussion 1037-9, 2002
Krinsky GA et al: Siderotic nodules in the cirrhotic liver at MR imaging with explant correlation: no increased frequency of dysplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiology. 218(1):47-53, 2001
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