Bookmarks
KEY FACTS
Preprocedure
Procedure
Post Procedure
Outcomes
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
- Renal artery stenosis (RAS): Fixed narrowing of renal artery (main or branch vessels)
- May lead to refractory HTN, ischemic nephropathy, &/or pulmonary edema
- Renal trauma grade
- Grade 1
- Small parenchymal contusion
- Stable subcapsular hematoma
- Treatment: Conservative
- Grade 2
- Laceration < 1 cm in depth
- Stable perirenal hematoma
- Treatment: Conservative
- Grade 3
- Laceration > 1 cm in depth
- No extension into collecting system
- Treatment: Conservative if stable, angiogram ± intervention if ongoing blood loss or hemodynamically unstable
- Laceration > 1 cm in depth
- Grade 4
- Laceration that extends into collecting system
- Vascular injury of main renal artery or vein
- Expanding subcapsular or perinephric hematomas
- Treatment: Angiogram and embolization
- Grade 5
- Avulsion of renal hilum with devascularization of kidney
- Complete laceration or thrombosis of main renal artery or vein
- Ureteropelvic junction avulsion
- Shattered kidney
- Treatment: Varied; nephrectomy often performed vs. observation if hemodynamically stable
- Grade 1
- Angiomyolipoma (AML)
- Benign hamartomatous tumors
- Variable amounts of blood vessels/muscle/fat
- Abnormal blood vessels
- No internal elastic lamina, disordered fibrotic smooth muscle cells
- Prone to intratumoral aneurysm formation and rupture
- 80% sporadic
- Typically unilateral; often static/slowly growing
- 20% associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)
- Often bilateral/large; progressive growth
- Benign hamartomatous tumors
- Renal artery aneurysm (RAA)
- 2nd most common visceral aneurysm (15-22%) after splenic
- Congenital causes (e.g., Ehlers-Danlos)
- Acquired causes: Atherosclerosis/degenerative
- Often asymptomatic
- Possible symptoms
- HTN/renal insufficiency from microemboli
- Hematuria/flank pain from aneurysm rupture
- Tend to occur at bifurcation of main renal artery
- Renal artery stenosis (RAS): Fixed narrowing of renal artery (main or branch vessels)
Epidemiology/Pathophysiology of Renal Artery Stenosis
- Pathophysiology
- Stenosis causes decreased renal perfusion
- Renin released by juxtaglomerular cells
- Renin activates angiotensin II production
- Angiotensin II production causes efferent arteriole constriction and aldosterone elevation, leading to sodium/water retention
- Stenosis causes decreased renal perfusion
- Causes
- Atherosclerosis (90%)
- Causative in 0.5-10.0% of all patients with HTN, ~ 30% of patients with accelerated HTN
- Risk factors similar to atherosclerosis elsewhere
- Affects ostium/proximal 1/3 of renal artery
- Stenting definitively better than percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) for ostial atherosclerotic lesions
- Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) (10%)
- F > M (3-4:1)
- Noninflammatory vasculitis
- Typically involves mid and distal main renal artery
- Beaded appearance from alternating areas of aneurysmal dilation and stenosis
- Long-segment stenosis of midrenal artery is medial hypoplasia or intimal fibroplasia subtypes of FMD seen in very young patients
- Angioplasty alone effective
- Stent reserved for PTA failure/restenosis/complications (i.e., dissection, rupture)
- Renal transplant arterial stenosis
- Affects 5-10% of transplants
- Causes
- External compression by peritransplant fibrosis
- Kink points at anastomosis
- Injury from vascular clamp used during surgery
- Atherosclerosis (90%)
- Acute renal ischemia
- Embolism from proximal source (e.g., atrial fibrillation or aortic plaque)
- In situ thrombosis of stenotic renal artery
- Iatrogenic from endovascular intervention
- Pathophysiology
PREPROCEDURE
Indications
Contraindications
Preprocedure Imaging
Getting Started
PROCEDURE
Patient Position/Location
Equipment Preparation
Procedure Steps
Findings and Reporting
Alternative Procedures/Therapies
POST PROCEDURE
Things to Do
OUTCOMES
Problems
Complications
Expected Outcomes
Selected References
- Pini A et al: Assessment and management of transplant renal artery stenosis. a literature review. Ann Vasc Surg. 82:13-29, 2022
- Restrepo JCÁ et al: New trends and evidence for the management of renal angiomyolipoma: a comprehensive narrative review of the literature. J Kidney Cancer VHL. 9(1):33-41, 2022
- Lopez-Gonzalez DB et al: Interventional radiology in renal trauma. Semin Intervent Radiol. 38(1):113-22, 2021
- Persu A et al: Beyond atherosclerosis and fibromuscular dysplasia: rare causes of renovascular hypertension. Hypertension. 78(4):898-911, 2021
- Pisano A et al: Renal denervation for resistant hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 11:CD011499, 2021
- Safian RD: Renal artery stenosis. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 65:60-70, 2021
- Smith TA et al: Endovascular embolization in renal trauma: a narrative review. Ann Transl Med. 9(14):1198, 2021
- Hatano T et al: Renal angiomyolipoma with tuberous sclerosis complex: how it differs from sporadic angiomyolipoma in both management and care. Asian J Surg. 43(10):967-72, 2020
- Sos TA: Commentary: evidence for benefits of renal artery stenting is not compelling and illustrates pitfalls of retrospective studies. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 31(4):598-600, 2020
- Coccolini F et al: Kidney and uro-trauma: WSES-AAST guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 14:54, 2019
- Li M et al: Efficacy and safety of mTOR inhibitors (rapamycin and its analogues) for tuberous sclerosis complex: a meta-analysis. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 14(1):39, 2019
- Prince M et al: When and how should we revascularize patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis? JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 12(6):505-17, 2019
- Razik A et al: Angiomyolipoma of the kidneys: current perspectives and challenges in diagnostic imaging and image-guided therapy. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 48(3):251-61, 2019
- Ramaswamy RS et al: Renal embolization: current recommendations and rationale for clinical practice. Curr Urol Rep. 19(3):5, 2018
- Duan XH et al: Urgent transcatheter arterial embolization for the treatment of ruptured renal angiomyolipoma with spontaneous hemorrhage. Acta Radiol. 57(11):1360-5, 2016
- Flum AS et al: Update on the diagnosis and management of renal angiomyolipoma. J Urol. 195(4 Pt 1):834-46, 2016
- Hassani M: Takayasu arteritis associated with severe renovascular hypertension. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 27(2):402-6, 2016
- Kawarada O et al: Renovascular heart failure: heart failure in patients with atherosclerotic renal artery disease. Cardiovasc Interv Ther. 31(3):171-82, 2016
- O'Connor PJ et al: Endovascular treatment of renal artery stenosis in the post CORAL era. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 18(8):48, 2016
- Sanidas EA et al: Renal fibromuscular dysplasia: a not so common entity of secondary hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 18(3):240-6, 2016
- Vassallo D et al: Progress in the treatment of atherosclerotic renovascular disease: the conceptual journey and the unanswered questions. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 31(10):1595-605, 2016
- Andersen PE et al: Interventional treatment of renal angiomyolipoma: immediate results and clinical and radiological follow-up of 4.5 years. Acta Radiol Open. 4(7):2058460115592442, 2015
- Biederman DM et al: Tailoring the endovascular management of transplant renal artery stenosis. Am J Transplant. 15(4):1039-49, 2015
- Braga AF et al: Endovascular approach to transplant renal artery stenosis. Ann Transplant. 20:698-706, 2015
- Chen W et al: Transplant renal artery stenosis: clinical manifestations, diagnosis and therapy. Clin Kidney J. 8(1):71-8, 2015
- Coleman DM et al: Renal artery aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 62(3):779-85, 2015
- Diego-Nieto A et al: Severe renal artery stenosis after renal sympathetic denervation. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 8(11):e193-4, 2015
- Eom HJ et al: Transarterial embolisation of renal arteriovenous malformation: safety and efficacy in 24 patients with follow-up. Clin Radiol. 70(11):1177-84, 2015
- Frey GT et al: Image-guided renal intervention. Radiol Clin North Am. 53(5):1005-19, 2015
- Gross JA et al: Imaging of urinary system trauma. Radiol Clin North Am. 53(4):773-88, ix, 2015
- Kautza B et al: "Management of blunt renal injury: what is new?". Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 41(3):251-8, 2015
- Koukoulaki M et al: Successful endovascular treatment of transplant intrarenal artery stenosis in renal transplant recipients: two case reports. World J Transplant. 5(2):68-72, 2015
- Minocha J et al: Transcatheter renal interventions: a review of established and emerging procedures. J Clin Imaging Sci. 5:5, 2015
- Mohan IV et al: The management of renal artery stenosis: an alternative interpretation of ASTRAL and CORAL. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 49(4):465-73, 2015
- Muller A et al: Renal artery embolization-indications, technical approaches and outcomes. Nat Rev Nephrol. 11(5):288-301, 2015
- Murray TE et al: Transarterial embolization of angiomyolipoma: a systematic review. J Urol. 194(3):635-9, 2015
- Rankin T et al: Wunderlich syndrome: the role of the general surgeon. Am Surg. 81(3):E113-4, 2015
- Sasongko TH et al: Rapamycin and its analogues (rapalogs) for tuberous sclerosis complex-associated tumors: a systematic review on non-randomized studies using meta-analysis. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 10:95, 2015
- Schieda N et al: Ten uncommon and unusual variants of renal angiomyolipoma (AML): radiologic-pathologic correlation. Clin Radiol. 70(2):206-20, 2015
- Serafetinides E et al: Review of the current management of upper urinary tract injuries by the EAU trauma guidelines panel. Eur Urol. 67(5):930-6, 2015
- Tonolini M et al: Multidetector CT imaging of complications after laparoscopic nephron-sparing surgery. Insights Imaging. 6(4):465-78, 2015
- Valente ES et al: Takayasu's arteritis with renal artery stenosis diagnosed in a patient with 65 years old. J Bras Nefrol. 37(4):501-4, 2015
- Varennes L et al: Fibromuscular dysplasia: what the radiologist should know: a pictorial review. Insights Imaging. 6(3):295-307, 2015
- Cooper CJ et al: Stenting and medical therapy for atherosclerotic renal-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med. 370(1):13-22, 2014
- Konings R et al: Successful reversal of acute kidney failure by ultrasound-accelerated thrombolysis of an occluded renal artery. Case Rep Med. 2014:205646, 2014
- Takeuchi N et al: Ruptured renal arteriovenous malformation successfully treated by catheter embolization: a case report. BMC Res Notes. 7:19, 2014
- Tuna IS et al: Contrast-enhanced CT and MR imaging of renal vessels. Abdom Imaging. 39(4):875-91, 2014
- Zhu MS et al: Factors that can minimize bleeding complications after renal biopsy. Int Urol Nephrol. 46(10):1969-75, 2014
- Schroeder J: Peripheral Vascular Interventions: An Illustrated Manual. Thieme Publishing, 2013
- Szmigielski W et al: Renal trauma imaging: diagnosis and management. A pictorial review. Pol J Radiol. 78(4):27-35, 2013
- Olin JW, Sealove BA: Diagnosis, management, and future developments offibromuscular dysplasia. J Vasc Surg. 53(3):826-836.e1, 2011
- Sam K et al: Percutaneous embolization of iatrogenic arterial kidney injuries: safety, efficacy, and impact on blood pressure and renal function. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 22(11):1563-8, 2011
- Stone PA et al: Ten-year experience with renal artery in-stent stenosis. J Vasc Surg. 53(4):1026-31, 2011
- Cura M et al: Vascular malformations and arteriovenous fistulas of the kidney. Acta Radiol. 51(2):144-9, 2010
- Dworkin LD et al: Is there any reason to stent atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis? Am J Kidney Dis. 56(2):259-63, 2010
- Patel RA et al: Tips and tricks in renal artery angioplasty and stenting: angiography, stent placement, embolic protection, complications, and contrast induced nephropathy. Minerva Cardioangiol. 58(1):113-26, 2010
- Dworkin LD et al: Clinical practice. Renal-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med. 361(20):1972-8, 2009
- Ginat DT et al: Transcatheter renal artery embolization: clinical applications and techniques. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 12(4):224-39, 2009
- Lee SY et al: Embolization of renal angiomyolipomas: short-term and long-term outcomes, complications, and tumor shrinkage. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 32(6):1171-8, 2009
- Safian RD et al: Refining the approach to renal artery revascularization. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2(3):161-74, 2009
- Davies MG et al: The long-term outcomes of percutaneous therapy for renal artery fibromuscular dysplasia. J Vasc Surg. 48(4):865-71, 2008
- Textor SC: Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis: overtreated but underrated? J Am Soc Nephrol. 19(4):656-9, 2008
- Kubota Y et al: Transcatheter arterial embolization with N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (Hystoacryl) in two treatments for huge renal arteriovenous malformation. Hinyokika Kiyo. 53(5):307-10, 2007
- Cooper CJ et al: Stent revascularization for prevention of cardiovascular and renal events among patients with renal artery stenosis and systolic hypertension: rationale and design of the CORAL trial. Am Heart J. 152(1):59-66, 2006
- Poulakis V et al: Treatment of renal-vascular injury by transcatheter embolization: immediate and long-term effects on renal function. J Endourol. 20(6):405-9, 2006
- Chatziioannou A et al: Endovascular treatment of renal arteriovenous malformations. Urol Int. 74(1):89-91, 2005
- Dinkel HP et al: Blunt renal trauma: minimally invasive management with microcatheter embolization experience in nine patients. Radiology 223:723-30, 2002
- Yamakado K et al. Renal angiomyolipoma: relationships between tumor size, aneurysm formation and rupture. Radiology. 225:78-82, 2002
- Kawashima A et al: Imaging of renal trauma: a comprehensive review. RadioGraphics. 21: 557-74, 2001
- Defreyne L et al: Cirsoid renal arteriovenous malformation treated by endovascular embolization with n-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate. Eur Radiol. 10(5):772-5, 2000
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Preprocedure
Procedure
Post Procedure
Outcomes
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
- Renal artery stenosis (RAS): Fixed narrowing of renal artery (main or branch vessels)
- May lead to refractory HTN, ischemic nephropathy, &/or pulmonary edema
- Renal trauma grade
- Grade 1
- Small parenchymal contusion
- Stable subcapsular hematoma
- Treatment: Conservative
- Grade 2
- Laceration < 1 cm in depth
- Stable perirenal hematoma
- Treatment: Conservative
- Grade 3
- Laceration > 1 cm in depth
- No extension into collecting system
- Treatment: Conservative if stable, angiogram ± intervention if ongoing blood loss or hemodynamically unstable
- Laceration > 1 cm in depth
- Grade 4
- Laceration that extends into collecting system
- Vascular injury of main renal artery or vein
- Expanding subcapsular or perinephric hematomas
- Treatment: Angiogram and embolization
- Grade 5
- Avulsion of renal hilum with devascularization of kidney
- Complete laceration or thrombosis of main renal artery or vein
- Ureteropelvic junction avulsion
- Shattered kidney
- Treatment: Varied; nephrectomy often performed vs. observation if hemodynamically stable
- Grade 1
- Angiomyolipoma (AML)
- Benign hamartomatous tumors
- Variable amounts of blood vessels/muscle/fat
- Abnormal blood vessels
- No internal elastic lamina, disordered fibrotic smooth muscle cells
- Prone to intratumoral aneurysm formation and rupture
- 80% sporadic
- Typically unilateral; often static/slowly growing
- 20% associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)
- Often bilateral/large; progressive growth
- Benign hamartomatous tumors
- Renal artery aneurysm (RAA)
- 2nd most common visceral aneurysm (15-22%) after splenic
- Congenital causes (e.g., Ehlers-Danlos)
- Acquired causes: Atherosclerosis/degenerative
- Often asymptomatic
- Possible symptoms
- HTN/renal insufficiency from microemboli
- Hematuria/flank pain from aneurysm rupture
- Tend to occur at bifurcation of main renal artery
- Renal artery stenosis (RAS): Fixed narrowing of renal artery (main or branch vessels)
Epidemiology/Pathophysiology of Renal Artery Stenosis
- Pathophysiology
- Stenosis causes decreased renal perfusion
- Renin released by juxtaglomerular cells
- Renin activates angiotensin II production
- Angiotensin II production causes efferent arteriole constriction and aldosterone elevation, leading to sodium/water retention
- Stenosis causes decreased renal perfusion
- Causes
- Atherosclerosis (90%)
- Causative in 0.5-10.0% of all patients with HTN, ~ 30% of patients with accelerated HTN
- Risk factors similar to atherosclerosis elsewhere
- Affects ostium/proximal 1/3 of renal artery
- Stenting definitively better than percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) for ostial atherosclerotic lesions
- Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) (10%)
- F > M (3-4:1)
- Noninflammatory vasculitis
- Typically involves mid and distal main renal artery
- Beaded appearance from alternating areas of aneurysmal dilation and stenosis
- Long-segment stenosis of midrenal artery is medial hypoplasia or intimal fibroplasia subtypes of FMD seen in very young patients
- Angioplasty alone effective
- Stent reserved for PTA failure/restenosis/complications (i.e., dissection, rupture)
- Renal transplant arterial stenosis
- Affects 5-10% of transplants
- Causes
- External compression by peritransplant fibrosis
- Kink points at anastomosis
- Injury from vascular clamp used during surgery
- Atherosclerosis (90%)
- Acute renal ischemia
- Embolism from proximal source (e.g., atrial fibrillation or aortic plaque)
- In situ thrombosis of stenotic renal artery
- Iatrogenic from endovascular intervention
- Pathophysiology
PREPROCEDURE
Indications
Contraindications
Preprocedure Imaging
Getting Started
PROCEDURE
Patient Position/Location
Equipment Preparation
Procedure Steps
Findings and Reporting
Alternative Procedures/Therapies
POST PROCEDURE
Things to Do
OUTCOMES
Problems
Complications
Expected Outcomes
Selected References
- Pini A et al: Assessment and management of transplant renal artery stenosis. a literature review. Ann Vasc Surg. 82:13-29, 2022
- Restrepo JCÁ et al: New trends and evidence for the management of renal angiomyolipoma: a comprehensive narrative review of the literature. J Kidney Cancer VHL. 9(1):33-41, 2022
- Lopez-Gonzalez DB et al: Interventional radiology in renal trauma. Semin Intervent Radiol. 38(1):113-22, 2021
- Persu A et al: Beyond atherosclerosis and fibromuscular dysplasia: rare causes of renovascular hypertension. Hypertension. 78(4):898-911, 2021
- Pisano A et al: Renal denervation for resistant hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 11:CD011499, 2021
- Safian RD: Renal artery stenosis. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 65:60-70, 2021
- Smith TA et al: Endovascular embolization in renal trauma: a narrative review. Ann Transl Med. 9(14):1198, 2021
- Hatano T et al: Renal angiomyolipoma with tuberous sclerosis complex: how it differs from sporadic angiomyolipoma in both management and care. Asian J Surg. 43(10):967-72, 2020
- Sos TA: Commentary: evidence for benefits of renal artery stenting is not compelling and illustrates pitfalls of retrospective studies. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 31(4):598-600, 2020
- Coccolini F et al: Kidney and uro-trauma: WSES-AAST guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 14:54, 2019
- Li M et al: Efficacy and safety of mTOR inhibitors (rapamycin and its analogues) for tuberous sclerosis complex: a meta-analysis. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 14(1):39, 2019
- Prince M et al: When and how should we revascularize patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis? JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 12(6):505-17, 2019
- Razik A et al: Angiomyolipoma of the kidneys: current perspectives and challenges in diagnostic imaging and image-guided therapy. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 48(3):251-61, 2019
- Ramaswamy RS et al: Renal embolization: current recommendations and rationale for clinical practice. Curr Urol Rep. 19(3):5, 2018
- Duan XH et al: Urgent transcatheter arterial embolization for the treatment of ruptured renal angiomyolipoma with spontaneous hemorrhage. Acta Radiol. 57(11):1360-5, 2016
- Flum AS et al: Update on the diagnosis and management of renal angiomyolipoma. J Urol. 195(4 Pt 1):834-46, 2016
- Hassani M: Takayasu arteritis associated with severe renovascular hypertension. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 27(2):402-6, 2016
- Kawarada O et al: Renovascular heart failure: heart failure in patients with atherosclerotic renal artery disease. Cardiovasc Interv Ther. 31(3):171-82, 2016
- O'Connor PJ et al: Endovascular treatment of renal artery stenosis in the post CORAL era. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 18(8):48, 2016
- Sanidas EA et al: Renal fibromuscular dysplasia: a not so common entity of secondary hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 18(3):240-6, 2016
- Vassallo D et al: Progress in the treatment of atherosclerotic renovascular disease: the conceptual journey and the unanswered questions. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 31(10):1595-605, 2016
- Andersen PE et al: Interventional treatment of renal angiomyolipoma: immediate results and clinical and radiological follow-up of 4.5 years. Acta Radiol Open. 4(7):2058460115592442, 2015
- Biederman DM et al: Tailoring the endovascular management of transplant renal artery stenosis. Am J Transplant. 15(4):1039-49, 2015
- Braga AF et al: Endovascular approach to transplant renal artery stenosis. Ann Transplant. 20:698-706, 2015
- Chen W et al: Transplant renal artery stenosis: clinical manifestations, diagnosis and therapy. Clin Kidney J. 8(1):71-8, 2015
- Coleman DM et al: Renal artery aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 62(3):779-85, 2015
- Diego-Nieto A et al: Severe renal artery stenosis after renal sympathetic denervation. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 8(11):e193-4, 2015
- Eom HJ et al: Transarterial embolisation of renal arteriovenous malformation: safety and efficacy in 24 patients with follow-up. Clin Radiol. 70(11):1177-84, 2015
- Frey GT et al: Image-guided renal intervention. Radiol Clin North Am. 53(5):1005-19, 2015
- Gross JA et al: Imaging of urinary system trauma. Radiol Clin North Am. 53(4):773-88, ix, 2015
- Kautza B et al: "Management of blunt renal injury: what is new?". Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 41(3):251-8, 2015
- Koukoulaki M et al: Successful endovascular treatment of transplant intrarenal artery stenosis in renal transplant recipients: two case reports. World J Transplant. 5(2):68-72, 2015
- Minocha J et al: Transcatheter renal interventions: a review of established and emerging procedures. J Clin Imaging Sci. 5:5, 2015
- Mohan IV et al: The management of renal artery stenosis: an alternative interpretation of ASTRAL and CORAL. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 49(4):465-73, 2015
- Muller A et al: Renal artery embolization-indications, technical approaches and outcomes. Nat Rev Nephrol. 11(5):288-301, 2015
- Murray TE et al: Transarterial embolization of angiomyolipoma: a systematic review. J Urol. 194(3):635-9, 2015
- Rankin T et al: Wunderlich syndrome: the role of the general surgeon. Am Surg. 81(3):E113-4, 2015
- Sasongko TH et al: Rapamycin and its analogues (rapalogs) for tuberous sclerosis complex-associated tumors: a systematic review on non-randomized studies using meta-analysis. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 10:95, 2015
- Schieda N et al: Ten uncommon and unusual variants of renal angiomyolipoma (AML): radiologic-pathologic correlation. Clin Radiol. 70(2):206-20, 2015
- Serafetinides E et al: Review of the current management of upper urinary tract injuries by the EAU trauma guidelines panel. Eur Urol. 67(5):930-6, 2015
- Tonolini M et al: Multidetector CT imaging of complications after laparoscopic nephron-sparing surgery. Insights Imaging. 6(4):465-78, 2015
- Valente ES et al: Takayasu's arteritis with renal artery stenosis diagnosed in a patient with 65 years old. J Bras Nefrol. 37(4):501-4, 2015
- Varennes L et al: Fibromuscular dysplasia: what the radiologist should know: a pictorial review. Insights Imaging. 6(3):295-307, 2015
- Cooper CJ et al: Stenting and medical therapy for atherosclerotic renal-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med. 370(1):13-22, 2014
- Konings R et al: Successful reversal of acute kidney failure by ultrasound-accelerated thrombolysis of an occluded renal artery. Case Rep Med. 2014:205646, 2014
- Takeuchi N et al: Ruptured renal arteriovenous malformation successfully treated by catheter embolization: a case report. BMC Res Notes. 7:19, 2014
- Tuna IS et al: Contrast-enhanced CT and MR imaging of renal vessels. Abdom Imaging. 39(4):875-91, 2014
- Zhu MS et al: Factors that can minimize bleeding complications after renal biopsy. Int Urol Nephrol. 46(10):1969-75, 2014
- Schroeder J: Peripheral Vascular Interventions: An Illustrated Manual. Thieme Publishing, 2013
- Szmigielski W et al: Renal trauma imaging: diagnosis and management. A pictorial review. Pol J Radiol. 78(4):27-35, 2013
- Olin JW, Sealove BA: Diagnosis, management, and future developments offibromuscular dysplasia. J Vasc Surg. 53(3):826-836.e1, 2011
- Sam K et al: Percutaneous embolization of iatrogenic arterial kidney injuries: safety, efficacy, and impact on blood pressure and renal function. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 22(11):1563-8, 2011
- Stone PA et al: Ten-year experience with renal artery in-stent stenosis. J Vasc Surg. 53(4):1026-31, 2011
- Cura M et al: Vascular malformations and arteriovenous fistulas of the kidney. Acta Radiol. 51(2):144-9, 2010
- Dworkin LD et al: Is there any reason to stent atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis? Am J Kidney Dis. 56(2):259-63, 2010
- Patel RA et al: Tips and tricks in renal artery angioplasty and stenting: angiography, stent placement, embolic protection, complications, and contrast induced nephropathy. Minerva Cardioangiol. 58(1):113-26, 2010
- Dworkin LD et al: Clinical practice. Renal-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med. 361(20):1972-8, 2009
- Ginat DT et al: Transcatheter renal artery embolization: clinical applications and techniques. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 12(4):224-39, 2009
- Lee SY et al: Embolization of renal angiomyolipomas: short-term and long-term outcomes, complications, and tumor shrinkage. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 32(6):1171-8, 2009
- Safian RD et al: Refining the approach to renal artery revascularization. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2(3):161-74, 2009
- Davies MG et al: The long-term outcomes of percutaneous therapy for renal artery fibromuscular dysplasia. J Vasc Surg. 48(4):865-71, 2008
- Textor SC: Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis: overtreated but underrated? J Am Soc Nephrol. 19(4):656-9, 2008
- Kubota Y et al: Transcatheter arterial embolization with N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (Hystoacryl) in two treatments for huge renal arteriovenous malformation. Hinyokika Kiyo. 53(5):307-10, 2007
- Cooper CJ et al: Stent revascularization for prevention of cardiovascular and renal events among patients with renal artery stenosis and systolic hypertension: rationale and design of the CORAL trial. Am Heart J. 152(1):59-66, 2006
- Poulakis V et al: Treatment of renal-vascular injury by transcatheter embolization: immediate and long-term effects on renal function. J Endourol. 20(6):405-9, 2006
- Chatziioannou A et al: Endovascular treatment of renal arteriovenous malformations. Urol Int. 74(1):89-91, 2005
- Dinkel HP et al: Blunt renal trauma: minimally invasive management with microcatheter embolization experience in nine patients. Radiology 223:723-30, 2002
- Yamakado K et al. Renal angiomyolipoma: relationships between tumor size, aneurysm formation and rupture. Radiology. 225:78-82, 2002
- Kawashima A et al: Imaging of renal trauma: a comprehensive review. RadioGraphics. 21: 557-74, 2001
- Defreyne L et al: Cirsoid renal arteriovenous malformation treated by endovascular embolization with n-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate. Eur Radiol. 10(5):772-5, 2000
