Bookmarks
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Includes horseshoe or pancake kidney; crossed fused ectopia; pelvic, iliac/pelvic (ptotic/mobile), & thoracic kidneys
Definitions
- Normal renal tissue in abnormal location
- Results from abnormal ascent & rotation of fetal kidney
- Kidneys form at sacral level & ascend to L1 by term; renal pelvis is initially directed anteriorly but rotates 90° medially as it ascends
- Malpositioned kidneys are more susceptible to trauma, iatrogenic injury, obstruction, infection, & stones
- High incidence of multiple renal arteries & veins
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Angiographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Selected References
- Asanad K et al: Grade IV renal laceration in a 13-year-old boy with cross-fused renal ectopia. Urology. 145:243-6, 2020
- Kini S et al: Renal anomalies and microtia: determining the clinical utility of screening affected children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 133:109957, 2020
- Sarhan O et al: Crossed fused renal ectopia: diagnosis and prognosis as a single-center experience. J Pediatr Surg. 56(9):1632-7, 2020
- Loganathan AK et al: Crossed fused renal ectopia in children: a review of clinical profile, surgical challenges, and outcome. J Pediatr Urol. 15(4):315-21, 2019
- Lomoro P et al: Pancake kidney, a rare and often misdiagnosed malformation: a case report and radiological differential diagnosis. J Ultrasound. 22(2):207-13, 2019
- Taghavi K et al: The horseshoe kidney: surgical anatomy and embryology. J Pediatr Urol. 12(5):275-80, 2016
- Ratola A et al: Crossed renal ectopia without fusion: an uncommon cause of abdominal mass. Case Rep Nephrol. 2015:679342, 2015
- Szmigielska A et al: Rare renal ectopia in children - intrathoracic ectopic kidney. Dev Period Med. 19(2):186-8, 2015
- Kesan K et al: Solitary crossed renal ectopia with vesicoureteric reflux presenting with impaired renal function in a neonate. J Clin Neonatol. 2(3):140-2, 2013
- Schreuder MF: Unilateral anomalies of kidney development: why is left not right? Kidney Int. 80(7):740-5, 2011
- Oh KY et al: Prenatal diagnosis of renal developmental anomalies associated with an empty renal fossa. Ultrasound Q. 26(4):233-40, 2010
- Schwartz MJ et al: Pelvic cake kidney with a solitary ureter and bilateral congenital absence of the vas deferens. Urology. 75(1):170-2, 2010
- van den Bosch CM et al: Urological and nephrological findings of renal ectopia. J Urol. 183(4):1574-8, 2010
- Glodny B et al: Kidney fusion anomalies revisited: clinical and radiological analysis of 209 cases of crossed fused ectopia and horseshoe kidney. BJU Int. 103(2):224-35, 2009
- Arena F et al: Is a complete urological evaluation necessary in all newborns with asymptomatic renal ectopia? Int J Urol. 14(6):491-5, 2007
- Sözübir S et al: Ectopic thoracic kidney in a child with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 15(3):206-9, 2005
- Guarino N et al: The incidence of associated urological abnormalities in children with renal ectopia. J Urol. 172(4 Pt 2):1757-9; discussion 1759, 2004
- Yuksel A et al: Sonographic findings of fetuses with an empty renal fossa and normal amniotic fluid volume. Fetal Diagn Ther. 19(6):525-32, 2004
- Watanabe T: Reflux nephropathy in a patient with crossed renal ectopia with fusion. Pediatr Nephrol. 17(8):617-9, 2002
- Buyukdereli G et al: Tc-99m DMSA and Tc-99m DTPA imaging in the diagnosis of crossed renal ectopia. Clin Nucl Med. 26(3):257-8, 2001
- Jefferson KP et al: Thoracic kidney: a rare form of renal ectopia. J Urol. 165(2):504, 2001
- Kumar A et al: Live donation of ectopic kidneys: a feasible option under compelling circumstances. J Urol. 165(2):505-6, 2001
- Rinat C et al: Familial inheritance of crossed fused renal ectopia. Pediatr Nephrol. 16(3):269-70, 2001
- Wang RY et al: Syndromic ear anomalies and renal ultrasounds. Pediatrics. 108(2):E32, 2001
- Pérez LM et al: A rare form of crossed-fused renal ectopia: fusion anterior to the left orthotopic kidney. Urology. 54(4):742-3, 1999
- Lezcano L et al: Crossed renal ectopia associated with maternal alkaloid cocaine abuse: a case report. J Perinatol. 14(3):230-3, 1994
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References
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Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Includes horseshoe or pancake kidney; crossed fused ectopia; pelvic, iliac/pelvic (ptotic/mobile), & thoracic kidneys
Definitions
- Normal renal tissue in abnormal location
- Results from abnormal ascent & rotation of fetal kidney
- Kidneys form at sacral level & ascend to L1 by term; renal pelvis is initially directed anteriorly but rotates 90° medially as it ascends
- Malpositioned kidneys are more susceptible to trauma, iatrogenic injury, obstruction, infection, & stones
- High incidence of multiple renal arteries & veins
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Angiographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Selected References
- Asanad K et al: Grade IV renal laceration in a 13-year-old boy with cross-fused renal ectopia. Urology. 145:243-6, 2020
- Kini S et al: Renal anomalies and microtia: determining the clinical utility of screening affected children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 133:109957, 2020
- Sarhan O et al: Crossed fused renal ectopia: diagnosis and prognosis as a single-center experience. J Pediatr Surg. 56(9):1632-7, 2020
- Loganathan AK et al: Crossed fused renal ectopia in children: a review of clinical profile, surgical challenges, and outcome. J Pediatr Urol. 15(4):315-21, 2019
- Lomoro P et al: Pancake kidney, a rare and often misdiagnosed malformation: a case report and radiological differential diagnosis. J Ultrasound. 22(2):207-13, 2019
- Taghavi K et al: The horseshoe kidney: surgical anatomy and embryology. J Pediatr Urol. 12(5):275-80, 2016
- Ratola A et al: Crossed renal ectopia without fusion: an uncommon cause of abdominal mass. Case Rep Nephrol. 2015:679342, 2015
- Szmigielska A et al: Rare renal ectopia in children - intrathoracic ectopic kidney. Dev Period Med. 19(2):186-8, 2015
- Kesan K et al: Solitary crossed renal ectopia with vesicoureteric reflux presenting with impaired renal function in a neonate. J Clin Neonatol. 2(3):140-2, 2013
- Schreuder MF: Unilateral anomalies of kidney development: why is left not right? Kidney Int. 80(7):740-5, 2011
- Oh KY et al: Prenatal diagnosis of renal developmental anomalies associated with an empty renal fossa. Ultrasound Q. 26(4):233-40, 2010
- Schwartz MJ et al: Pelvic cake kidney with a solitary ureter and bilateral congenital absence of the vas deferens. Urology. 75(1):170-2, 2010
- van den Bosch CM et al: Urological and nephrological findings of renal ectopia. J Urol. 183(4):1574-8, 2010
- Glodny B et al: Kidney fusion anomalies revisited: clinical and radiological analysis of 209 cases of crossed fused ectopia and horseshoe kidney. BJU Int. 103(2):224-35, 2009
- Arena F et al: Is a complete urological evaluation necessary in all newborns with asymptomatic renal ectopia? Int J Urol. 14(6):491-5, 2007
- Sözübir S et al: Ectopic thoracic kidney in a child with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 15(3):206-9, 2005
- Guarino N et al: The incidence of associated urological abnormalities in children with renal ectopia. J Urol. 172(4 Pt 2):1757-9; discussion 1759, 2004
- Yuksel A et al: Sonographic findings of fetuses with an empty renal fossa and normal amniotic fluid volume. Fetal Diagn Ther. 19(6):525-32, 2004
- Watanabe T: Reflux nephropathy in a patient with crossed renal ectopia with fusion. Pediatr Nephrol. 17(8):617-9, 2002
- Buyukdereli G et al: Tc-99m DMSA and Tc-99m DTPA imaging in the diagnosis of crossed renal ectopia. Clin Nucl Med. 26(3):257-8, 2001
- Jefferson KP et al: Thoracic kidney: a rare form of renal ectopia. J Urol. 165(2):504, 2001
- Kumar A et al: Live donation of ectopic kidneys: a feasible option under compelling circumstances. J Urol. 165(2):505-6, 2001
- Rinat C et al: Familial inheritance of crossed fused renal ectopia. Pediatr Nephrol. 16(3):269-70, 2001
- Wang RY et al: Syndromic ear anomalies and renal ultrasounds. Pediatrics. 108(2):E32, 2001
- Pérez LM et al: A rare form of crossed-fused renal ectopia: fusion anterior to the left orthotopic kidney. Urology. 54(4):742-3, 1999
- Lezcano L et al: Crossed renal ectopia associated with maternal alkaloid cocaine abuse: a case report. J Perinatol. 14(3):230-3, 1994
