Malignant tumor of striated muscle originating from any pelvic organ (but paratesticular site is discussed separately)
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Selected References
Rogers TN et al: Management of rhabdomyosarcoma in pediatric patients. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 30(2):339-53, 2021
Harrison DJ et al: PET with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose/computed tomography in the management of pediatric sarcoma. PET Clin. 15(3):333-47, 2020
Indelicato DJ et al: Outcomes following proton therapy for group iii pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 106(5):968-76, 2020
Sa R et al: Utility of [18F] fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography for staging and therapy response evaluation in pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma: a case series and literature review. Front Med (Lausanne). 7:281, 2020
Guillerman RP et al: Imaging of DICER1 syndrome. Pediatr Radiol. 49(11):1488-505, 2019
Jawad N et al: The clinical and radiologic features of paediatric rhabdomyosarcoma. Pediatr Radiol. 49(11):1516-23, 2019
Koivusalo AI et al: Combined management of perianal rhabdomyosarcoma with chemotherapy, radical surgery, and irradiation: a series of three consecutive children. J Pediatr Surg. 54(2):285-7, 2019
Bueno MT et al: Pediatric imaging in DICER1 syndrome. Pediatr Radiol. 47(10):1292-301, 2017
Kim JR et al: Rhabdomyosarcoma in children and adolescents: patterns and risk factors of distant metastasis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 209(2):409-16, 2017
Shelmerdine SC et al: Pearls and pitfalls in diagnosing pediatric urinary bladder masses. Radiographics. 37(6):1872-91, 2017
Bethell GS et al: A case of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma presenting as a lobulated protrusion from the urethral meatus at birth. Urology. 86(4):805-7, 2015
Chung EM et al: Solid tumors of the peritoneum, omentum, and mesentery in children: radiologic-pathologic correlation: from the radiologic pathology archives. Radiographics. 35(2):521-46, 2015
Dong Y et al: 18[F]FDG PET/CT is useful in initial staging, restaging for pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 61(4):438-46, 2015
Fernandez-Pineda I et al: Bilateral internal hemipelvectomy for osteosarcoma in a pediatric patient previously treated for rhabdomyosarcoma. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 101(3):395-7, 2015
Norman G et al: An emerging evidence base for PET-CT in the management of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma: systematic review. BMJ Open. 5(1):e006030, 2015
Rodeberg DA et al: Delayed primary excision with subsequent modification of radiotherapy dose for intermediate-risk rhabdomyosarcoma: a report from the Children's Oncology Group Soft Tissue Sarcoma Committee. Int J Cancer. 137(1):204-11, 2015
Jenney M et al: Conservative approach in localised rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder and prostate: results from International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) studies: malignant mesenchymal tumour (MMT) 84, 89 and 95. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 61(2):217-22, 2014
Kirsch CH et al: Outcome of female pediatric patients diagnosed with genital tract rhabdomyosarcoma based on analysis of cases registered in SEER database between 1973 and 2006. Am J Clin Oncol. 37(1):47-50, 2014
Komasara L et al: A review on surgical techniques and organ sparing procedures in bladder/prostate rhabdomyosarcoma. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 24(6):467-73, 2014
Sinclair N et al: A rare and unusual case of Burkitt's lymphoma presenting with a prostate mass in a 12-year-old boy. Case Rep Radiol. 2014:106176, 2014
Federico SM et al: Comparison of PET-CT and conventional imaging in staging pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 60(7):1128-34, 2013
Kuru TH et al: Pediatric case report on magnetic resonance imaging/transrectal ultrasound-fusion biopsy of rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder/prostate: a new tool to reduce therapy-associated morbidity? Urology. 81(2):417-20, 2013
Pai DR et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of pediatric pelvic masses. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 21(4):751-72, 2013
Walther A et al: Renal rhabdomyosarcoma in a pancake kidney. Urology. 82(2):458-60, 2013
Grimsby GM et al: Pediatric urologic oncology. Pediatr Clin North Am. 59(4):947-59, 2012
Ricard F et al: Additional benefit of F-18 FDG PET/CT in the staging and follow-up of pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma. Clin Nucl Med. 36(8):672-7, 2011
Rodeberg DA et al: Comparison of outcomes based on treatment algorithms for rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder/prostate: combined results from the Children's Oncology Group, German Cooperative Soft Tissue Sarcoma Study, Italian Cooperative Group, and International Society of Pediatric Oncology Malignant Mesenchymal Tumors Committee. Int J Cancer. 128(5):1232-9, 2011
Raney B et al: Impact of tumor viability at second-look procedures performed before completing treatment on the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group protocol IRS-IV, 1991-1997: a report from the children's oncology group. J Pediatr Surg. 45(11):2160-8, 2010
Esfahani SA et al: An antenatally diagnosed rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder treated without extensive surgery. Nat Rev Urol. 6(8):449-53, 2009
Kobi M et al: Sarcoma botryoides: MRI findings in two patients. J Magn Reson Imaging. 29(3):708-12, 2009
Rypens F et al: Paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma presenting as thickening of the tunica vaginalis. Pediatr Radiol. 39(9):1010-2, 2009
Citak EC et al: Vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy and urinary bladder paralysis in a child with rhabdomyosarcoma. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 30(1):61-2, 2008
Cowles RA et al: Ovarian repositioning in pediatric cancer patients: Flexible techniques accommodate pelvic radiation fields. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 49(3):339-41, 2007
Striegel AM et al: Vaginal discharge and bleeding in girls younger than 6 years. J Urol. 176(6 Pt 1):2632-5, 2006
Spunt SL et al: Late effects of pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma and its treatment in female survivors. J Clin Oncol. 23(28):7143-51, 2005
Gruessner SE et al: Management of stage I cervical sarcoma botryoides in childhood and adolescence. Eur J Pediatr. 163(8):452-6, 2004
Raney RB et al: Results of treatment of fifty-six patients with localized retroperitoneal and pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma: a report from The Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study-IV, 1991-1997. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 42(7):618-25, 2004
Sanghvi DA et al: Primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the seminal vesicle. Br J Radiol. 77(914):159-60, 2004
Akbar SA et al: Multimodality imaging of paratesticular neoplasms and their rare mimics. Radiographics. 23(6):1461-76, 2003
Nakada K et al: Successful resection of prostatic rhabdomyosarcoma by the posterior sagittal approach combined with preoperative chemotherapy. J Pediatr Surg. 38(7):E6-8, 2003
Ng TY et al: Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol. 91(3):623-6, 2003
Ortega JA et al: Presence of well-differentiated rhabdomyoblasts at the end of therapy for pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma: implications for the outcome. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 22(2):106-11, 2000
Silvan AM et al: Organ-preserving management of rhabdomyosarcoma of the prostate and bladder in children. Med Pediatr Oncol. 29(6):573-5, 1997
Duel BP et al: Reconstructive options in genitourinary rhabdomyosarcoma. J Urol. 156(5):1798-804, 1996
Breen JL et al: Genital tract tumors in children. Pediatr Clin North Am. 28(2):355-67, 1981
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), genitourinary (GU)
Synonyms
Botryoid tumor, sarcoma botryoides, embryonal RMS
Definitions
Malignant tumor of striated muscle originating from any pelvic organ (but paratesticular site is discussed separately)
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Selected References
Rogers TN et al: Management of rhabdomyosarcoma in pediatric patients. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 30(2):339-53, 2021
Harrison DJ et al: PET with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose/computed tomography in the management of pediatric sarcoma. PET Clin. 15(3):333-47, 2020
Indelicato DJ et al: Outcomes following proton therapy for group iii pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 106(5):968-76, 2020
Sa R et al: Utility of [18F] fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography for staging and therapy response evaluation in pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma: a case series and literature review. Front Med (Lausanne). 7:281, 2020
Guillerman RP et al: Imaging of DICER1 syndrome. Pediatr Radiol. 49(11):1488-505, 2019
Jawad N et al: The clinical and radiologic features of paediatric rhabdomyosarcoma. Pediatr Radiol. 49(11):1516-23, 2019
Koivusalo AI et al: Combined management of perianal rhabdomyosarcoma with chemotherapy, radical surgery, and irradiation: a series of three consecutive children. J Pediatr Surg. 54(2):285-7, 2019
Bueno MT et al: Pediatric imaging in DICER1 syndrome. Pediatr Radiol. 47(10):1292-301, 2017
Kim JR et al: Rhabdomyosarcoma in children and adolescents: patterns and risk factors of distant metastasis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 209(2):409-16, 2017
Shelmerdine SC et al: Pearls and pitfalls in diagnosing pediatric urinary bladder masses. Radiographics. 37(6):1872-91, 2017
Bethell GS et al: A case of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma presenting as a lobulated protrusion from the urethral meatus at birth. Urology. 86(4):805-7, 2015
Chung EM et al: Solid tumors of the peritoneum, omentum, and mesentery in children: radiologic-pathologic correlation: from the radiologic pathology archives. Radiographics. 35(2):521-46, 2015
Dong Y et al: 18[F]FDG PET/CT is useful in initial staging, restaging for pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 61(4):438-46, 2015
Fernandez-Pineda I et al: Bilateral internal hemipelvectomy for osteosarcoma in a pediatric patient previously treated for rhabdomyosarcoma. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 101(3):395-7, 2015
Norman G et al: An emerging evidence base for PET-CT in the management of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma: systematic review. BMJ Open. 5(1):e006030, 2015
Rodeberg DA et al: Delayed primary excision with subsequent modification of radiotherapy dose for intermediate-risk rhabdomyosarcoma: a report from the Children's Oncology Group Soft Tissue Sarcoma Committee. Int J Cancer. 137(1):204-11, 2015
Jenney M et al: Conservative approach in localised rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder and prostate: results from International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) studies: malignant mesenchymal tumour (MMT) 84, 89 and 95. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 61(2):217-22, 2014
Kirsch CH et al: Outcome of female pediatric patients diagnosed with genital tract rhabdomyosarcoma based on analysis of cases registered in SEER database between 1973 and 2006. Am J Clin Oncol. 37(1):47-50, 2014
Komasara L et al: A review on surgical techniques and organ sparing procedures in bladder/prostate rhabdomyosarcoma. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 24(6):467-73, 2014
Sinclair N et al: A rare and unusual case of Burkitt's lymphoma presenting with a prostate mass in a 12-year-old boy. Case Rep Radiol. 2014:106176, 2014
Federico SM et al: Comparison of PET-CT and conventional imaging in staging pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 60(7):1128-34, 2013
Kuru TH et al: Pediatric case report on magnetic resonance imaging/transrectal ultrasound-fusion biopsy of rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder/prostate: a new tool to reduce therapy-associated morbidity? Urology. 81(2):417-20, 2013
Pai DR et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of pediatric pelvic masses. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 21(4):751-72, 2013
Walther A et al: Renal rhabdomyosarcoma in a pancake kidney. Urology. 82(2):458-60, 2013
Grimsby GM et al: Pediatric urologic oncology. Pediatr Clin North Am. 59(4):947-59, 2012
Ricard F et al: Additional benefit of F-18 FDG PET/CT in the staging and follow-up of pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma. Clin Nucl Med. 36(8):672-7, 2011
Rodeberg DA et al: Comparison of outcomes based on treatment algorithms for rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder/prostate: combined results from the Children's Oncology Group, German Cooperative Soft Tissue Sarcoma Study, Italian Cooperative Group, and International Society of Pediatric Oncology Malignant Mesenchymal Tumors Committee. Int J Cancer. 128(5):1232-9, 2011
Raney B et al: Impact of tumor viability at second-look procedures performed before completing treatment on the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group protocol IRS-IV, 1991-1997: a report from the children's oncology group. J Pediatr Surg. 45(11):2160-8, 2010
Esfahani SA et al: An antenatally diagnosed rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder treated without extensive surgery. Nat Rev Urol. 6(8):449-53, 2009
Kobi M et al: Sarcoma botryoides: MRI findings in two patients. J Magn Reson Imaging. 29(3):708-12, 2009
Rypens F et al: Paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma presenting as thickening of the tunica vaginalis. Pediatr Radiol. 39(9):1010-2, 2009
Citak EC et al: Vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy and urinary bladder paralysis in a child with rhabdomyosarcoma. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 30(1):61-2, 2008
Cowles RA et al: Ovarian repositioning in pediatric cancer patients: Flexible techniques accommodate pelvic radiation fields. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 49(3):339-41, 2007
Striegel AM et al: Vaginal discharge and bleeding in girls younger than 6 years. J Urol. 176(6 Pt 1):2632-5, 2006
Spunt SL et al: Late effects of pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma and its treatment in female survivors. J Clin Oncol. 23(28):7143-51, 2005
Gruessner SE et al: Management of stage I cervical sarcoma botryoides in childhood and adolescence. Eur J Pediatr. 163(8):452-6, 2004
Raney RB et al: Results of treatment of fifty-six patients with localized retroperitoneal and pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma: a report from The Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study-IV, 1991-1997. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 42(7):618-25, 2004
Sanghvi DA et al: Primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the seminal vesicle. Br J Radiol. 77(914):159-60, 2004
Akbar SA et al: Multimodality imaging of paratesticular neoplasms and their rare mimics. Radiographics. 23(6):1461-76, 2003
Nakada K et al: Successful resection of prostatic rhabdomyosarcoma by the posterior sagittal approach combined with preoperative chemotherapy. J Pediatr Surg. 38(7):E6-8, 2003
Ng TY et al: Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol. 91(3):623-6, 2003
Ortega JA et al: Presence of well-differentiated rhabdomyoblasts at the end of therapy for pelvic rhabdomyosarcoma: implications for the outcome. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 22(2):106-11, 2000
Silvan AM et al: Organ-preserving management of rhabdomyosarcoma of the prostate and bladder in children. Med Pediatr Oncol. 29(6):573-5, 1997
Duel BP et al: Reconstructive options in genitourinary rhabdomyosarcoma. J Urol. 156(5):1798-804, 1996
Breen JL et al: Genital tract tumors in children. Pediatr Clin North Am. 28(2):355-67, 1981
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