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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT)
Synonyms
- Teratoma, germ cell tumor of coccyx
Definitions
- Teratomas are made up of various parenchymal cell types from > 1 germ layer, usually all 3
- Tumors may contain hair, teeth, cartilage, & fat, among other tissues
- SCT arises from pluripotential cells at caudal tip of notochord (coccyx)
- Can grow both internally & externally (with latter being more common)
- Both benign & malignant varieties exist
- Teratomas are made up of various parenchymal cell types from > 1 germ layer, usually all 3
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
CT Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Selected References
- Seilern Und Aspang J et al: Sacrococcygeal teratoma with intraspinal extension: a case series and review of literature. J Pediatr Surg. 55(10):2022-5, 2020
- Baumgarten HD et al: Preemptive delivery and immediate resection for fetuses with high-risk sacrococcygeal teratomas. Fetal Diagn Ther. 45(3):137-44, 2019
- Gebb JS et al: High tumor volume to fetal weight ratio is associated with worse fetal outcomes and increased maternal risk in fetuses with sacrococcygeal teratoma. Fetal Diagn Ther. 45(2):94-101, 2019
- Ladenhauf HN et al: Sacrococcygeal teratoma presenting with vaginal discharge and polyp in an infant. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 31(3):318-20, 2018
- Lee SM et al: Antenatal prediction of neonatal survival in sacrococcygeal teratoma. J Ultrasound Med. 37(8):2003-9, 2018
- Wessell A et al: Surgical treatment of a type IV cystic sacrococcygeal teratoma with intraspinal extension utilizing a posterior-anterior-posterior approach: a case report. Childs Nerv Syst. 34(5):977-82, 2018
- Yoon HM et al: Sacrococcygeal teratomas in newborns: a comprehensive review for the radiologists. Acta Radiol. 59(2):236-46, 2018
- Arisoy R et al: Prenatal diagnosis and outcomes of fetal teratomas. J Clin Ultrasound. 44(2):118-25, 2016
- Eftekharzadeh S et al: Type IV sacrococcygeal teratoma displacing the urinary bladder: unique magnetic resonance imaging. Case Rep Urol. 2016:1423157, 2016
- Hambraeus M et al: Sacrococcygeal teratoma: a population-based study of incidence and prenatal prognostic factors. J Pediatr Surg. 51(3):481-5, 2016
- Kremer ME et al: Evaluation of chemotherapeutic sequelae and quality of life in survivors of malignant sacrococcygeal teratoma. Pediatr Surg Int. 32(3):261-8, 2016
- Adekola H et al: The clinical relevance of fetal MRI in the diagnosis of type IV cystic sacrococcygeal teratoma--a review. Fetal Pediatr Pathol. 34(1):31-43, 2015
- Dirix M et al: Malignant transformation in sacrococcygeal teratoma and in presacral teratoma associated with Currarino syndrome: a comparative study. J Pediatr Surg. 50(3):462-4, 2015
- Sananes N et al: Technical aspects and effectiveness of percutaneous fetal therapies for large sacrococcygeal teratomas - a cohort study and a literature review. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 47(6):712-9, 2015
- Coleman A et al: Sacrococcygeal teratoma growth rate predicts adverse outcomes. J Pediatr Surg. 49(6):985-9, 2014
- Garg R et al: Sacrococcygeal malignant germ cell tumor (SC-MGCT) with intraspinal extension. J Pediatr Surg. 49(7):1113-5, 2014
- Kremer ME et al: Evaluation of pregnancy and delivery in 13 women who underwent resection of a sacrococcygeal teratoma during early childhood. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 14:407, 2014
- Ladino Torres MF et al: Spine ultrasound imaging in the newborn. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 35(6):652-61, 2014
- Partridge EA et al: Urologic and anorectal complications of sacrococcygeal teratomas: prenatal and postnatal predictors. J Pediatr Surg. 49(1):139-42; discussion 142-3, 2014
- Yao W et al: Analysis of recurrence risks for sacrococcygeal teratoma in children. J Pediatr Surg. 49(12):1839-42, 2014
- Shue E et al: Tumor metrics and morphology predict poor prognosis in prenatally diagnosed sacrococcygeal teratoma: a 25-year experience at a single institution. J Pediatr Surg. 48(6):1225-31, 2013
- Yoneda A et al: Impact of the histological type on the prognosis of patients with prenatally diagnosed sacrococcygeal teratomas: the results of a nationwide Japanese survey. Pediatr Surg Int. 29(11):1119-25, 2013
- Davenport KP et al: Pediatric malignancies: neuroblastoma, Wilm's tumor, hepatoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and sacroccygeal teratoma. Surg Clin North Am. 92(3):745-67, x, 2012
- Peterson CM et al: Teratomas: a multimodality review. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 41(6):210-9, 2012
- Yao MS et al: Sacrococcygeal teratoma in an adolescent. JBR-BTR. 95(5):322-4, 2012
- Bartels SA et al: Presacral masses in children: presentation, etiology and risk of malignancy. Colorectal Dis. 13(8):930-4, 2011
- Jan IA et al: Posterior sagittal approach for resection of sacrococcygeal teratomas. Pediatr Surg Int. 27(5):545-8, 2011
- Shah RU et al: Imaging of pediatric pelvic neoplasms. Radiol Clin North Am. 49(4):729-48, vi, 2011
- Dancel LD et al: Sacrococcygeal teratoma presenting as perineal and periumbilical discoloration (cullen sign). J Pediatr. 157(6):1041, 2010
- Sy ED et al: Prognostic role of tumor-head volume ratio in fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma. Fetal Diagn Ther. 26(2):75-80, 2009
- Heerema-McKenney A et al: Congenital teratoma: a clinicopathologic study of 22 fetal and neonatal tumors. Am J Surg Pathol. 29(1):29-38, 2005
- Gatcombe HG et al: Primary retroperitoneal teratomas: a review of the literature. J Surg Oncol. 86(2):107-13, 2004
- Isaacs H Jr: Perinatal (fetal and neonatal) germ cell tumors. J Pediatr Surg. 39(7):1003-13, 2004
- Neubert S et al: Sonographic prognostic factors in prenatal diagnosis of SCT. Fetal Diagn Ther. 19(4):319-26, 2004
- Urioste M et al: Malignant degeneration of presacral teratoma in the Currarino anomaly. Am J Med Genet A. 128(3):299-304, 2004
- Zaccara A et al: Gait analysis in patients operated on for sacrococcygeal teratoma. J Pediatr Surg. 39(6):947-52; discussion 947-52, 2004
- Graf JL et al: Fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma. World J Surg. 27(1):84-6, 2003
- Hirose S et al: Fetal surgery for sacrococcygeal teratoma. Clin Perinatol. 30(3):493-506, 2003
- Huddart SN et al: Sacrococcygeal teratomas: the UK Children's Cancer Study Group's experience. I. Neonatal. Pediatr Surg Int. 19(1-2):47-51, 2003
- Avni FE et al: MR imaging of fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma: diagnosis and assessment. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 178(1):179-83, 2002
- Lam YH et al: Thermocoagulation of fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma. Prenat Diagn. 22(2):99-101, 2002
- O'Hara SM: Tumors of the pediatric genitourinary system. In Bragg et al: Oncologic Imaging. 2nd ed. W. B. Saunders. 779-811, 2002
- Wakhlu A et al: Sacrococcygeal teratoma. Pediatr Surg Int. 18(5-6):384-7, 2002
- Kamata S et al: Operative management for sacrococcygeal teratoma diagnosed in utero. J Pediatr Surg. 36(4):545-8, 2001
- Singh SJ et al: Familial presacral masses: Screening pitfalls. J Pediatr Surg. 36(12):1841-4, 2001
- Wells RG et al: Imaging of sacrococcygeal germ cell tumors. Radiographics. 10(4):701-13, 1990
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT)
Synonyms
- Teratoma, germ cell tumor of coccyx
Definitions
- Teratomas are made up of various parenchymal cell types from > 1 germ layer, usually all 3
- Tumors may contain hair, teeth, cartilage, & fat, among other tissues
- SCT arises from pluripotential cells at caudal tip of notochord (coccyx)
- Can grow both internally & externally (with latter being more common)
- Both benign & malignant varieties exist
- Teratomas are made up of various parenchymal cell types from > 1 germ layer, usually all 3
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Fluoroscopic Findings
CT Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Selected References
- Seilern Und Aspang J et al: Sacrococcygeal teratoma with intraspinal extension: a case series and review of literature. J Pediatr Surg. 55(10):2022-5, 2020
- Baumgarten HD et al: Preemptive delivery and immediate resection for fetuses with high-risk sacrococcygeal teratomas. Fetal Diagn Ther. 45(3):137-44, 2019
- Gebb JS et al: High tumor volume to fetal weight ratio is associated with worse fetal outcomes and increased maternal risk in fetuses with sacrococcygeal teratoma. Fetal Diagn Ther. 45(2):94-101, 2019
- Ladenhauf HN et al: Sacrococcygeal teratoma presenting with vaginal discharge and polyp in an infant. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 31(3):318-20, 2018
- Lee SM et al: Antenatal prediction of neonatal survival in sacrococcygeal teratoma. J Ultrasound Med. 37(8):2003-9, 2018
- Wessell A et al: Surgical treatment of a type IV cystic sacrococcygeal teratoma with intraspinal extension utilizing a posterior-anterior-posterior approach: a case report. Childs Nerv Syst. 34(5):977-82, 2018
- Yoon HM et al: Sacrococcygeal teratomas in newborns: a comprehensive review for the radiologists. Acta Radiol. 59(2):236-46, 2018
- Arisoy R et al: Prenatal diagnosis and outcomes of fetal teratomas. J Clin Ultrasound. 44(2):118-25, 2016
- Eftekharzadeh S et al: Type IV sacrococcygeal teratoma displacing the urinary bladder: unique magnetic resonance imaging. Case Rep Urol. 2016:1423157, 2016
- Hambraeus M et al: Sacrococcygeal teratoma: a population-based study of incidence and prenatal prognostic factors. J Pediatr Surg. 51(3):481-5, 2016
- Kremer ME et al: Evaluation of chemotherapeutic sequelae and quality of life in survivors of malignant sacrococcygeal teratoma. Pediatr Surg Int. 32(3):261-8, 2016
- Adekola H et al: The clinical relevance of fetal MRI in the diagnosis of type IV cystic sacrococcygeal teratoma--a review. Fetal Pediatr Pathol. 34(1):31-43, 2015
- Dirix M et al: Malignant transformation in sacrococcygeal teratoma and in presacral teratoma associated with Currarino syndrome: a comparative study. J Pediatr Surg. 50(3):462-4, 2015
- Sananes N et al: Technical aspects and effectiveness of percutaneous fetal therapies for large sacrococcygeal teratomas - a cohort study and a literature review. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 47(6):712-9, 2015
- Coleman A et al: Sacrococcygeal teratoma growth rate predicts adverse outcomes. J Pediatr Surg. 49(6):985-9, 2014
- Garg R et al: Sacrococcygeal malignant germ cell tumor (SC-MGCT) with intraspinal extension. J Pediatr Surg. 49(7):1113-5, 2014
- Kremer ME et al: Evaluation of pregnancy and delivery in 13 women who underwent resection of a sacrococcygeal teratoma during early childhood. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 14:407, 2014
- Ladino Torres MF et al: Spine ultrasound imaging in the newborn. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 35(6):652-61, 2014
- Partridge EA et al: Urologic and anorectal complications of sacrococcygeal teratomas: prenatal and postnatal predictors. J Pediatr Surg. 49(1):139-42; discussion 142-3, 2014
- Yao W et al: Analysis of recurrence risks for sacrococcygeal teratoma in children. J Pediatr Surg. 49(12):1839-42, 2014
- Shue E et al: Tumor metrics and morphology predict poor prognosis in prenatally diagnosed sacrococcygeal teratoma: a 25-year experience at a single institution. J Pediatr Surg. 48(6):1225-31, 2013
- Yoneda A et al: Impact of the histological type on the prognosis of patients with prenatally diagnosed sacrococcygeal teratomas: the results of a nationwide Japanese survey. Pediatr Surg Int. 29(11):1119-25, 2013
- Davenport KP et al: Pediatric malignancies: neuroblastoma, Wilm's tumor, hepatoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and sacroccygeal teratoma. Surg Clin North Am. 92(3):745-67, x, 2012
- Peterson CM et al: Teratomas: a multimodality review. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 41(6):210-9, 2012
- Yao MS et al: Sacrococcygeal teratoma in an adolescent. JBR-BTR. 95(5):322-4, 2012
- Bartels SA et al: Presacral masses in children: presentation, etiology and risk of malignancy. Colorectal Dis. 13(8):930-4, 2011
- Jan IA et al: Posterior sagittal approach for resection of sacrococcygeal teratomas. Pediatr Surg Int. 27(5):545-8, 2011
- Shah RU et al: Imaging of pediatric pelvic neoplasms. Radiol Clin North Am. 49(4):729-48, vi, 2011
- Dancel LD et al: Sacrococcygeal teratoma presenting as perineal and periumbilical discoloration (cullen sign). J Pediatr. 157(6):1041, 2010
- Sy ED et al: Prognostic role of tumor-head volume ratio in fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma. Fetal Diagn Ther. 26(2):75-80, 2009
- Heerema-McKenney A et al: Congenital teratoma: a clinicopathologic study of 22 fetal and neonatal tumors. Am J Surg Pathol. 29(1):29-38, 2005
- Gatcombe HG et al: Primary retroperitoneal teratomas: a review of the literature. J Surg Oncol. 86(2):107-13, 2004
- Isaacs H Jr: Perinatal (fetal and neonatal) germ cell tumors. J Pediatr Surg. 39(7):1003-13, 2004
- Neubert S et al: Sonographic prognostic factors in prenatal diagnosis of SCT. Fetal Diagn Ther. 19(4):319-26, 2004
- Urioste M et al: Malignant degeneration of presacral teratoma in the Currarino anomaly. Am J Med Genet A. 128(3):299-304, 2004
- Zaccara A et al: Gait analysis in patients operated on for sacrococcygeal teratoma. J Pediatr Surg. 39(6):947-52; discussion 947-52, 2004
- Graf JL et al: Fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma. World J Surg. 27(1):84-6, 2003
- Hirose S et al: Fetal surgery for sacrococcygeal teratoma. Clin Perinatol. 30(3):493-506, 2003
- Huddart SN et al: Sacrococcygeal teratomas: the UK Children's Cancer Study Group's experience. I. Neonatal. Pediatr Surg Int. 19(1-2):47-51, 2003
- Avni FE et al: MR imaging of fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma: diagnosis and assessment. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 178(1):179-83, 2002
- Lam YH et al: Thermocoagulation of fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma. Prenat Diagn. 22(2):99-101, 2002
- O'Hara SM: Tumors of the pediatric genitourinary system. In Bragg et al: Oncologic Imaging. 2nd ed. W. B. Saunders. 779-811, 2002
- Wakhlu A et al: Sacrococcygeal teratoma. Pediatr Surg Int. 18(5-6):384-7, 2002
- Kamata S et al: Operative management for sacrococcygeal teratoma diagnosed in utero. J Pediatr Surg. 36(4):545-8, 2001
- Singh SJ et al: Familial presacral masses: Screening pitfalls. J Pediatr Surg. 36(12):1841-4, 2001
- Wells RG et al: Imaging of sacrococcygeal germ cell tumors. Radiographics. 10(4):701-13, 1990
