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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Lateral curvature of spine > 10°
Dextroscoliosis: Curve convex to right
Levoscoliosis: Curve convex to left
Kyphoscoliosis: Scoliosis with component of kyphosis
Rotoscoliosis: Scoliosis that includes rotation of vertebrae
S-curve scoliosis: 2 adjacent curves, 1 to right & 1 to left
C-curve scoliosis: Single curve
Terminal vertebra: Most tilted superior & inferior vertebra of curve
Transitional vertebra: Vertebra between 2 curves
Apical vertebra: Vertebra with greatest lateral displacement from midline; also least tilted
Primary curvature: Curvature with greatest angulation
Secondary or compensatory curvature: Smaller curve, which balances primary curvature
Structural curve: Curvature that will not correct with ipsilateral bending
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Idiopathic Scoliosis
Congenital Scoliosis
Neuromuscular, Developmental, Tumor Associated
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Halawi MJ et al: Neuromuscular scoliosis: Current Concepts. Orthopedics. 38(6):e452-6, 2015
Harris JA et al: A comprehensive review of thoracic deformity parameters in scoliosis. Eur Spine J. 23(12):2594-602, 2014
Waldt S et al: Measurements and classifications in spine imaging. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 18(3):219-27, 2014
Hresko MT: Clinical practice. Idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents. N Engl J Med. 368(9):834-41, 2013
Wybier M et al: Musculoskeletal imaging in progress: the EOS imaging system. Joint Bone Spine. 80(3):238-43, 2013
Westrick ER et al: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: 5-year to 20-year evidence-based surgical results. J Pediatr Orthop. 31(1 Suppl):S61-8, 2011
Kim H et al: Scoliosis imaging: what radiologists should know. Radiographics. 30(7):1823-42, 2010
Weinstein SL et al: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Lancet. 371(9623):1527-37, 2008
Arlet V et al: Congenital scoliosis. Eur Spine J. 12(5):456-63, 2003
Daffner SD et al: Adult degenerative lumbar scoliosis. Am J Orthop. 32(2):77-82; discussion 82, 2003
Ahn UM et al: The etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Am J Orthop. 31(7):387-95, 2002
Berven S et al: Neuromuscular scoliosis: causes of deformity and principles for evaluation and management. Semin Neurol. 22(2):167-78, 2002
Cassar-Pullicino VN et al: Imaging in scoliosis: what, why and how? Clin Radiol. 57(7):543-62, 2002
Do T: Orthopedic management of the muscular dystrophies. Curr Opin Pediatr. 14(1):50-3, 2002
Geijer H: Radiation dose and image quality in diagnostic radiology. Optimization of the dose-image quality relationship with clinical experience from scoliosis radiography, coronary intervention and a flat-panel digital detector. Acta Radiol Suppl. 43(427):1-43, 2002
Jones KB et al: Spine deformity correction in Marfan syndrome. Spine. 27(18):2003-12, 2002
Lenke LG et al: Curve prevalence of a new classification of operative adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: does classification correlate with treatment? Spine. 27(6):604-11, 2002
Redla S et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of scoliosis. Clin Radiol. 56(5):360-71, 2001
Thomson JD et al: Scoliosis in cerebral palsy: an overview and recent results. J Pediatr Orthop B. 10(1):6-9, 2001
Jaskwhich D et al: Congenital scoliosis. Curr Opin Pediatr. 12(1):61-6, 2000
Lowe TG et al: Etiology of idiopathic scoliosis: current trends in research. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 82-A(8):1157-68, 2000
Mohaideen A et al: Not all rods are Harrington - an overview of spinal instrumentation in scoliosis treatment. Pediatr Radiol. 30(2):110-8, 2000
Oestreich AE et al: Scoliosis circa 2000: radiologic imaging perspective. I. Diagnosis and pretreatment evaluation. Skeletal Radiol. 27(11):591-605, 1998
Oestreich AE et al: Scoliosis circa 2000: radiologic imaging perspective. II. Treatment and follow-up. Skeletal Radiol. 27(12):651-6, 1998
Kim HW et al: Spine update. The management of scoliosis in neurofibromatosis. Spine. 22(23):2770-6, 1997
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Lateral curvature of spine > 10°
Dextroscoliosis: Curve convex to right
Levoscoliosis: Curve convex to left
Kyphoscoliosis: Scoliosis with component of kyphosis
Rotoscoliosis: Scoliosis that includes rotation of vertebrae
S-curve scoliosis: 2 adjacent curves, 1 to right & 1 to left
C-curve scoliosis: Single curve
Terminal vertebra: Most tilted superior & inferior vertebra of curve
Transitional vertebra: Vertebra between 2 curves
Apical vertebra: Vertebra with greatest lateral displacement from midline; also least tilted
Primary curvature: Curvature with greatest angulation
Secondary or compensatory curvature: Smaller curve, which balances primary curvature
Structural curve: Curvature that will not correct with ipsilateral bending
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Idiopathic Scoliosis
Congenital Scoliosis
Neuromuscular, Developmental, Tumor Associated
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Halawi MJ et al: Neuromuscular scoliosis: Current Concepts. Orthopedics. 38(6):e452-6, 2015
Harris JA et al: A comprehensive review of thoracic deformity parameters in scoliosis. Eur Spine J. 23(12):2594-602, 2014
Waldt S et al: Measurements and classifications in spine imaging. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 18(3):219-27, 2014
Hresko MT: Clinical practice. Idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents. N Engl J Med. 368(9):834-41, 2013
Wybier M et al: Musculoskeletal imaging in progress: the EOS imaging system. Joint Bone Spine. 80(3):238-43, 2013
Westrick ER et al: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: 5-year to 20-year evidence-based surgical results. J Pediatr Orthop. 31(1 Suppl):S61-8, 2011
Kim H et al: Scoliosis imaging: what radiologists should know. Radiographics. 30(7):1823-42, 2010
Weinstein SL et al: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Lancet. 371(9623):1527-37, 2008
Arlet V et al: Congenital scoliosis. Eur Spine J. 12(5):456-63, 2003
Daffner SD et al: Adult degenerative lumbar scoliosis. Am J Orthop. 32(2):77-82; discussion 82, 2003
Ahn UM et al: The etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Am J Orthop. 31(7):387-95, 2002
Berven S et al: Neuromuscular scoliosis: causes of deformity and principles for evaluation and management. Semin Neurol. 22(2):167-78, 2002
Cassar-Pullicino VN et al: Imaging in scoliosis: what, why and how? Clin Radiol. 57(7):543-62, 2002
Do T: Orthopedic management of the muscular dystrophies. Curr Opin Pediatr. 14(1):50-3, 2002
Geijer H: Radiation dose and image quality in diagnostic radiology. Optimization of the dose-image quality relationship with clinical experience from scoliosis radiography, coronary intervention and a flat-panel digital detector. Acta Radiol Suppl. 43(427):1-43, 2002
Jones KB et al: Spine deformity correction in Marfan syndrome. Spine. 27(18):2003-12, 2002
Lenke LG et al: Curve prevalence of a new classification of operative adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: does classification correlate with treatment? Spine. 27(6):604-11, 2002
Redla S et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of scoliosis. Clin Radiol. 56(5):360-71, 2001
Thomson JD et al: Scoliosis in cerebral palsy: an overview and recent results. J Pediatr Orthop B. 10(1):6-9, 2001
Jaskwhich D et al: Congenital scoliosis. Curr Opin Pediatr. 12(1):61-6, 2000
Lowe TG et al: Etiology of idiopathic scoliosis: current trends in research. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 82-A(8):1157-68, 2000
Mohaideen A et al: Not all rods are Harrington - an overview of spinal instrumentation in scoliosis treatment. Pediatr Radiol. 30(2):110-8, 2000
Oestreich AE et al: Scoliosis circa 2000: radiologic imaging perspective. I. Diagnosis and pretreatment evaluation. Skeletal Radiol. 27(11):591-605, 1998
Oestreich AE et al: Scoliosis circa 2000: radiologic imaging perspective. II. Treatment and follow-up. Skeletal Radiol. 27(12):651-6, 1998
Kim HW et al: Spine update. The management of scoliosis in neurofibromatosis. Spine. 22(23):2770-6, 1997
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