link
Bookmarks
 (0)
Pediatrics
Diagnosis
Spine
Congenital and Genetic Disorders
Scoliosis and Kyphosis
Scoliosis
Scoliosis
Blaise V. Jones, MD
To access 4,300 diagnoses written by the world's leading experts in radiology, please log in or subscribe.Log inSubscribe
0
20
4
2

KEY FACTS

  • Terminology

    • Imaging

      • Top Differential Diagnoses

        • Clinical Issues

          TERMINOLOGY

          • Definitions

            • Lateral curvature of spine > 10°
            • Dextroscoliosis: Curve convex to right
            • Levoscoliosis: Curve convex to left
            • Kyphoscoliosis: Scoliosis with component of kyphosis
            • Rotoscoliosis: Scoliosis that includes rotation of vertebrae
            • S-curve scoliosis: 2 adjacent curves, 1 to right & 1 to left
            • C-curve scoliosis: Single curve
            • Terminal vertebra: Most tilted superior & inferior vertebra of curve
            • Transitional vertebra: Vertebra between 2 curves
            • Apical vertebra: Vertebra with greatest lateral displacement from midline; also least tilted
            • Primary curvature: Curvature with greatest angulation
            • Secondary or compensatory curvature: Smaller curve, which balances primary curvature
            • Structural curve: Curvature that will not correct with ipsilateral bending

          IMAGING

          • General Features

            • Radiographic Findings

              • CT Findings

                • MR Findings

                  • Imaging Recommendations

                    DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                      PATHOLOGY

                      • General Features

                        • Staging, Grading, & Classification

                          • Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features

                            • Idiopathic Scoliosis

                              • Congenital Scoliosis

                                • Neuromuscular, Developmental, Tumor Associated

                                  CLINICAL ISSUES

                                  • Presentation

                                    • Demographics

                                      • Natural History & Prognosis

                                        • Treatment

                                          DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST

                                          • Consider

                                            • Reporting Tips

                                              Selected References

                                              1. Halawi MJ et al: Neuromuscular scoliosis: Current Concepts. Orthopedics. 38(6):e452-6, 2015
                                              2. Harris JA et al: A comprehensive review of thoracic deformity parameters in scoliosis. Eur Spine J. 23(12):2594-602, 2014
                                              3. Waldt S et al: Measurements and classifications in spine imaging. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 18(3):219-27, 2014
                                              4. Hresko MT: Clinical practice. Idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents. N Engl J Med. 368(9):834-41, 2013
                                              5. Wybier M et al: Musculoskeletal imaging in progress: the EOS imaging system. Joint Bone Spine. 80(3):238-43, 2013
                                              6. Westrick ER et al: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: 5-year to 20-year evidence-based surgical results. J Pediatr Orthop. 31(1 Suppl):S61-8, 2011
                                              7. Kim H et al: Scoliosis imaging: what radiologists should know. Radiographics. 30(7):1823-42, 2010
                                              8. Weinstein SL et al: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Lancet. 371(9623):1527-37, 2008
                                              9. Arlet V et al: Congenital scoliosis. Eur Spine J. 12(5):456-63, 2003
                                              10. Daffner SD et al: Adult degenerative lumbar scoliosis. Am J Orthop. 32(2):77-82; discussion 82, 2003
                                              11. Ahn UM et al: The etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Am J Orthop. 31(7):387-95, 2002
                                              12. Berven S et al: Neuromuscular scoliosis: causes of deformity and principles for evaluation and management. Semin Neurol. 22(2):167-78, 2002
                                              13. Cassar-Pullicino VN et al: Imaging in scoliosis: what, why and how? Clin Radiol. 57(7):543-62, 2002
                                              14. Do T: Orthopedic management of the muscular dystrophies. Curr Opin Pediatr. 14(1):50-3, 2002
                                              15. Geijer H: Radiation dose and image quality in diagnostic radiology. Optimization of the dose-image quality relationship with clinical experience from scoliosis radiography, coronary intervention and a flat-panel digital detector. Acta Radiol Suppl. 43(427):1-43, 2002
                                              16. Jones KB et al: Spine deformity correction in Marfan syndrome. Spine. 27(18):2003-12, 2002
                                              17. Lenke LG et al: Curve prevalence of a new classification of operative adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: does classification correlate with treatment? Spine. 27(6):604-11, 2002
                                              18. Redla S et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of scoliosis. Clin Radiol. 56(5):360-71, 2001
                                              19. Thomson JD et al: Scoliosis in cerebral palsy: an overview and recent results. J Pediatr Orthop B. 10(1):6-9, 2001
                                              20. Jaskwhich D et al: Congenital scoliosis. Curr Opin Pediatr. 12(1):61-6, 2000
                                              21. Lowe TG et al: Etiology of idiopathic scoliosis: current trends in research. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 82-A(8):1157-68, 2000
                                              22. Mohaideen A et al: Not all rods are Harrington - an overview of spinal instrumentation in scoliosis treatment. Pediatr Radiol. 30(2):110-8, 2000
                                              23. Roach JW: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Orthop Clin North Am. 30(3):353-65, vii-viii, 1999
                                              24. Oestreich AE et al: Scoliosis circa 2000: radiologic imaging perspective. I. Diagnosis and pretreatment evaluation. Skeletal Radiol. 27(11):591-605, 1998
                                              25. Oestreich AE et al: Scoliosis circa 2000: radiologic imaging perspective. II. Treatment and follow-up. Skeletal Radiol. 27(12):651-6, 1998
                                              26. Kim HW et al: Spine update. The management of scoliosis in neurofibromatosis. Spine. 22(23):2770-6, 1997
                                              Related Anatomy
                                              Loading...
                                              Related Differential Diagnoses
                                              Loading...
                                              References
                                              Tables

                                              Tables

                                              KEY FACTS

                                              • Terminology

                                                • Imaging

                                                  • Top Differential Diagnoses

                                                    • Clinical Issues

                                                      TERMINOLOGY

                                                      • Definitions

                                                        • Lateral curvature of spine > 10°
                                                        • Dextroscoliosis: Curve convex to right
                                                        • Levoscoliosis: Curve convex to left
                                                        • Kyphoscoliosis: Scoliosis with component of kyphosis
                                                        • Rotoscoliosis: Scoliosis that includes rotation of vertebrae
                                                        • S-curve scoliosis: 2 adjacent curves, 1 to right & 1 to left
                                                        • C-curve scoliosis: Single curve
                                                        • Terminal vertebra: Most tilted superior & inferior vertebra of curve
                                                        • Transitional vertebra: Vertebra between 2 curves
                                                        • Apical vertebra: Vertebra with greatest lateral displacement from midline; also least tilted
                                                        • Primary curvature: Curvature with greatest angulation
                                                        • Secondary or compensatory curvature: Smaller curve, which balances primary curvature
                                                        • Structural curve: Curvature that will not correct with ipsilateral bending

                                                      IMAGING

                                                      • General Features

                                                        • Radiographic Findings

                                                          • CT Findings

                                                            • MR Findings

                                                              • Imaging Recommendations

                                                                DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                                                                  PATHOLOGY

                                                                  • General Features

                                                                    • Staging, Grading, & Classification

                                                                      • Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features

                                                                        • Idiopathic Scoliosis

                                                                          • Congenital Scoliosis

                                                                            • Neuromuscular, Developmental, Tumor Associated

                                                                              CLINICAL ISSUES

                                                                              • Presentation

                                                                                • Demographics

                                                                                  • Natural History & Prognosis

                                                                                    • Treatment

                                                                                      DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST

                                                                                      • Consider

                                                                                        • Reporting Tips

                                                                                          Selected References

                                                                                          1. Halawi MJ et al: Neuromuscular scoliosis: Current Concepts. Orthopedics. 38(6):e452-6, 2015
                                                                                          2. Harris JA et al: A comprehensive review of thoracic deformity parameters in scoliosis. Eur Spine J. 23(12):2594-602, 2014
                                                                                          3. Waldt S et al: Measurements and classifications in spine imaging. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 18(3):219-27, 2014
                                                                                          4. Hresko MT: Clinical practice. Idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents. N Engl J Med. 368(9):834-41, 2013
                                                                                          5. Wybier M et al: Musculoskeletal imaging in progress: the EOS imaging system. Joint Bone Spine. 80(3):238-43, 2013
                                                                                          6. Westrick ER et al: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: 5-year to 20-year evidence-based surgical results. J Pediatr Orthop. 31(1 Suppl):S61-8, 2011
                                                                                          7. Kim H et al: Scoliosis imaging: what radiologists should know. Radiographics. 30(7):1823-42, 2010
                                                                                          8. Weinstein SL et al: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Lancet. 371(9623):1527-37, 2008
                                                                                          9. Arlet V et al: Congenital scoliosis. Eur Spine J. 12(5):456-63, 2003
                                                                                          10. Daffner SD et al: Adult degenerative lumbar scoliosis. Am J Orthop. 32(2):77-82; discussion 82, 2003
                                                                                          11. Ahn UM et al: The etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Am J Orthop. 31(7):387-95, 2002
                                                                                          12. Berven S et al: Neuromuscular scoliosis: causes of deformity and principles for evaluation and management. Semin Neurol. 22(2):167-78, 2002
                                                                                          13. Cassar-Pullicino VN et al: Imaging in scoliosis: what, why and how? Clin Radiol. 57(7):543-62, 2002
                                                                                          14. Do T: Orthopedic management of the muscular dystrophies. Curr Opin Pediatr. 14(1):50-3, 2002
                                                                                          15. Geijer H: Radiation dose and image quality in diagnostic radiology. Optimization of the dose-image quality relationship with clinical experience from scoliosis radiography, coronary intervention and a flat-panel digital detector. Acta Radiol Suppl. 43(427):1-43, 2002
                                                                                          16. Jones KB et al: Spine deformity correction in Marfan syndrome. Spine. 27(18):2003-12, 2002
                                                                                          17. Lenke LG et al: Curve prevalence of a new classification of operative adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: does classification correlate with treatment? Spine. 27(6):604-11, 2002
                                                                                          18. Redla S et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of scoliosis. Clin Radiol. 56(5):360-71, 2001
                                                                                          19. Thomson JD et al: Scoliosis in cerebral palsy: an overview and recent results. J Pediatr Orthop B. 10(1):6-9, 2001
                                                                                          20. Jaskwhich D et al: Congenital scoliosis. Curr Opin Pediatr. 12(1):61-6, 2000
                                                                                          21. Lowe TG et al: Etiology of idiopathic scoliosis: current trends in research. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 82-A(8):1157-68, 2000
                                                                                          22. Mohaideen A et al: Not all rods are Harrington - an overview of spinal instrumentation in scoliosis treatment. Pediatr Radiol. 30(2):110-8, 2000
                                                                                          23. Roach JW: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Orthop Clin North Am. 30(3):353-65, vii-viii, 1999
                                                                                          24. Oestreich AE et al: Scoliosis circa 2000: radiologic imaging perspective. I. Diagnosis and pretreatment evaluation. Skeletal Radiol. 27(11):591-605, 1998
                                                                                          25. Oestreich AE et al: Scoliosis circa 2000: radiologic imaging perspective. II. Treatment and follow-up. Skeletal Radiol. 27(12):651-6, 1998
                                                                                          26. Kim HW et al: Spine update. The management of scoliosis in neurofibromatosis. Spine. 22(23):2770-6, 1997
                                                                                          Contact UsStoreTerms and ConditionsRegistered User AgreementPrivacy PolicyHelp