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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
- General term for any lateral spine curvature
- Dextroscoliosis: Curve convex to right
- Levoscoliosis: Curve convex to left
- Kyphoscoliosis: Scoliosis with component of kyphosis
- Rotoscoliosis: Scoliosis that includes rotation of vertebrae
- S-curve scoliosis: 2 adjacent curves, 1 to right and 1 to left
- C-curve scoliosis: Single curve
- Terminal vertebra: Most superior or inferior vertebra included in curve
- Transitional vertebra: Vertebra between 2 curves
- Apical vertebra: Vertebra with greatest lateral displacement from midline
- Primary curvature: Curvature with greatest angulation
- Secondary or compensatory curvature: Smaller curve that balances primary curvature
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Staging, Grading, or Classification Criteria
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
- Girdler S et al: Emerging techniques in diagnostic imaging for idiopathic scoliosis in children and adolescents: a review of the literature. World Neurosurg. 136:128-35, 2020
- Karol LA: The natural history of early-onset scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop. 39(Issue 6, Supplement 1 Suppl 1):S38-43, 2019
- Weinstein SL: The natural history of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop. 39(Issue 6, Supplement 1 Suppl 1):S44-6, 2019
- Pahys JM et al: What's new in congenital scoliosis? J Pediatr Orthop. 38(3):e172-9, 2018
- Parnell SE et al: Vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib (VEPTR): a review of indications, normal radiographic appearance and complications. Pediatr Radiol. 45(4):606-16, 2015
- Ahmed R et al: Long-term incidence and risk factors for development of spinal deformity following resection of pediatric intramedullary spinal cord tumors. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 13(6):613-21, 2014
- Harris JA et al: A comprehensive review of thoracic deformity parameters in scoliosis. Eur Spine J. 23(12):2594-602, 2014
- Karami M et al: Evaluation of coronal shift as an indicator of neuroaxial abnormalities in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a prospective study. Scoliosis. 9:9, 2014
- Presciutti SM et al: Management decisions for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis significantly affect patient radiation exposure. Spine J. 14(9):1984-90, 2014
- Waldt S et al: Measurements and classifications in spine imaging. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 18(3):219-27, 2014
- Arlet V et al: Congenital scoliosis. Eur Spine J. 12(5):456-63, 2003
- Daffner SD et al: Adult degenerative lumbar scoliosis. Am J Orthop. 32(2):77-82; discussion 82, 2003
- Ahn UM et al: The etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Am J Orthop. 31(7):387-95, 2002
- Berven S et al: Neuromuscular scoliosis: causes of deformity and principles for evaluation and management. Semin Neurol. 22(2):167-78, 2002
- Cassar-Pullicino VN et al: Imaging in scoliosis: what, why and how? Clin Radiol. 57(7):543-62, 2002
- Do T: Orthopedic management of the muscular dystrophies. Curr Opin Pediatr. 14(1):50-3, 2002
- Geijer H: Radiation dose and image quality in diagnostic radiology. Optimization of the dose-image quality relationship with clinical experience from scoliosis radiography, coronary intervention and a flat-panel digital detector. Acta Radiol Suppl. 43(427):1-43, 2002
- Jones KB et al: Spine deformity correction in Marfan syndrome. Spine. 27(18):2003-12, 2002
- Lenke LG et al: Curve prevalence of a new classification of operative adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: does classification correlate with treatment? Spine. 27(6):604-11, 2002
- Redla S et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of scoliosis. Clin Radiol. 56(5):360-71, 2001
- Thomson JD et al: Scoliosis in cerebral palsy: an overview and recent results. J Pediatr Orthop B. 10(1):6-9, 2001
- Jaskwhich D et al: Congenital scoliosis. Curr Opin Pediatr. 12(1):61-6, 2000
- Lowe TG et al: Etiology of idiopathic scoliosis: current trends in research. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 82-A(8):1157-68, 2000
- Mohaideen A et al: Not all rods are Harrington - an overview of spinal instrumentation in scoliosis treatment. Pediatr Radiol. 30(2):110-8, 2000
- Roach JW: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Orthop Clin North Am. 30(3):353-65, vii-viii, 1999
- Oestreich AE et al: Scoliosis circa 2000: radiologic imaging perspective. I. Diagnosis and pretreatment evaluation. Skeletal Radiol. 27(11):591-605, 1998
- Oestreich AE et al: Scoliosis circa 2000: radiologic imaging perspective. II. Treatment and follow-up. Skeletal Radiol. 27(12):651-6, 1998
- Kim HW et al: Spine update. The management of scoliosis in neurofibromatosis. Spine. 22(23):2770-6, 1997
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
- General term for any lateral spine curvature
- Dextroscoliosis: Curve convex to right
- Levoscoliosis: Curve convex to left
- Kyphoscoliosis: Scoliosis with component of kyphosis
- Rotoscoliosis: Scoliosis that includes rotation of vertebrae
- S-curve scoliosis: 2 adjacent curves, 1 to right and 1 to left
- C-curve scoliosis: Single curve
- Terminal vertebra: Most superior or inferior vertebra included in curve
- Transitional vertebra: Vertebra between 2 curves
- Apical vertebra: Vertebra with greatest lateral displacement from midline
- Primary curvature: Curvature with greatest angulation
- Secondary or compensatory curvature: Smaller curve that balances primary curvature
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Staging, Grading, or Classification Criteria
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
- Girdler S et al: Emerging techniques in diagnostic imaging for idiopathic scoliosis in children and adolescents: a review of the literature. World Neurosurg. 136:128-35, 2020
- Karol LA: The natural history of early-onset scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop. 39(Issue 6, Supplement 1 Suppl 1):S38-43, 2019
- Weinstein SL: The natural history of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop. 39(Issue 6, Supplement 1 Suppl 1):S44-6, 2019
- Pahys JM et al: What's new in congenital scoliosis? J Pediatr Orthop. 38(3):e172-9, 2018
- Parnell SE et al: Vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib (VEPTR): a review of indications, normal radiographic appearance and complications. Pediatr Radiol. 45(4):606-16, 2015
- Ahmed R et al: Long-term incidence and risk factors for development of spinal deformity following resection of pediatric intramedullary spinal cord tumors. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 13(6):613-21, 2014
- Harris JA et al: A comprehensive review of thoracic deformity parameters in scoliosis. Eur Spine J. 23(12):2594-602, 2014
- Karami M et al: Evaluation of coronal shift as an indicator of neuroaxial abnormalities in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a prospective study. Scoliosis. 9:9, 2014
- Presciutti SM et al: Management decisions for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis significantly affect patient radiation exposure. Spine J. 14(9):1984-90, 2014
- Waldt S et al: Measurements and classifications in spine imaging. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 18(3):219-27, 2014
- Arlet V et al: Congenital scoliosis. Eur Spine J. 12(5):456-63, 2003
- Daffner SD et al: Adult degenerative lumbar scoliosis. Am J Orthop. 32(2):77-82; discussion 82, 2003
- Ahn UM et al: The etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Am J Orthop. 31(7):387-95, 2002
- Berven S et al: Neuromuscular scoliosis: causes of deformity and principles for evaluation and management. Semin Neurol. 22(2):167-78, 2002
- Cassar-Pullicino VN et al: Imaging in scoliosis: what, why and how? Clin Radiol. 57(7):543-62, 2002
- Do T: Orthopedic management of the muscular dystrophies. Curr Opin Pediatr. 14(1):50-3, 2002
- Geijer H: Radiation dose and image quality in diagnostic radiology. Optimization of the dose-image quality relationship with clinical experience from scoliosis radiography, coronary intervention and a flat-panel digital detector. Acta Radiol Suppl. 43(427):1-43, 2002
- Jones KB et al: Spine deformity correction in Marfan syndrome. Spine. 27(18):2003-12, 2002
- Lenke LG et al: Curve prevalence of a new classification of operative adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: does classification correlate with treatment? Spine. 27(6):604-11, 2002
- Redla S et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of scoliosis. Clin Radiol. 56(5):360-71, 2001
- Thomson JD et al: Scoliosis in cerebral palsy: an overview and recent results. J Pediatr Orthop B. 10(1):6-9, 2001
- Jaskwhich D et al: Congenital scoliosis. Curr Opin Pediatr. 12(1):61-6, 2000
- Lowe TG et al: Etiology of idiopathic scoliosis: current trends in research. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 82-A(8):1157-68, 2000
- Mohaideen A et al: Not all rods are Harrington - an overview of spinal instrumentation in scoliosis treatment. Pediatr Radiol. 30(2):110-8, 2000
- Roach JW: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Orthop Clin North Am. 30(3):353-65, vii-viii, 1999
- Oestreich AE et al: Scoliosis circa 2000: radiologic imaging perspective. I. Diagnosis and pretreatment evaluation. Skeletal Radiol. 27(11):591-605, 1998
- Oestreich AE et al: Scoliosis circa 2000: radiologic imaging perspective. II. Treatment and follow-up. Skeletal Radiol. 27(12):651-6, 1998
- Kim HW et al: Spine update. The management of scoliosis in neurofibromatosis. Spine. 22(23):2770-6, 1997
