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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Skin thickening: Thickness > 2 mm
Can be focal or diffuse
Normal skin thicker in periareolar region, inframammary fold, parasternally, up to 3 mm
Peau d'orange = skin resembles peel of orange: Thickened, with prominent skin pores, often also erythematous
Implies lymphatic edema, usually seen with inflammatory carcinoma (involving ≥ 1/3 of breast)
Skin retraction: Skin is abnormally pulled in, tethered, concave, dimpled
Skin invasion: Tumor extends into skin, usually directly overlying tumor
Usually shows associated skin thickening
Skin retraction does not equal skin invasion
IMAGING
Mammographic Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Hasbahceci M et al: Use of imaging for the diagnosis of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: A clinician's perspective. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 28(11):862-867, 2018
Kung TA et al: Radiation-induced skin changes after postmastectomy radiation therapy: A pilot study on indicators for timing of delayed breast reconstruction. J Reconstr Microsurg. ePub, 2018
Bitencourt AGV et al: Breast metastases from extramammary malignancies: multimodality imaging aspects. Br J Radiol. 90(1077):20170197, 2017
Dabi Y et al: Incidence of inflammatory breast cancer in patients with clinical inflammatory breast symptoms. PLoS One. 12(12):e0189385, 2017
van Uden DJP et al: Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of inflammatory breast cancer prior to and after neoadjuvant treatment. Breast Care (Basel). 12(4):224-229, 2017
Chesebro AL et al: Radiation-associated angiosarcoma of the breast: What the radiologist needs to know. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 207(1):217-25, 2016
Torres MA et al: The impact of axillary lymph node surgery on breast skin thickening during and after radiation therapy for breast cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 95(2):590-6, 2016
Morris EA et al: Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System: BI-RADS, Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2nd ed. Reston: American College of Radiology, 2013
Mendelson EB et al: Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System: BI-RADS, Ultrasound. 2nd ed. Reston: American College of Radiology, 2013
Sickles EA et al: Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System: BI-RADS, Mammography. 5th ed. Reston: American College of Radiology, 2013
Uematsu T: MRI findings of inflammatory breast cancer, locally advanced breast cancer, and acute mastitis: T2-weighted images can increase the specificity of inflammatory breast cancer. Breast Cancer. 19(4):289-94, 2012
Kwak JY et al: Unilateral breast edema: spectrum of etiologies and imaging appearances. Yonsei Med J. 46(1):1-7, 2005
Günhan-Bilgen I et al: Inflammatory breast carcinoma: mammographic, ultrasonographic, clinical, and pathologic findings in 142 cases. Radiology. 223(3):829-38, 2002
Padhani AR et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of induration in the irradiated breast. Radiother Oncol. 64(2):157-62, 2002
Harris JR et al: Diseases of the Breast. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 68-9, 1996
Sickles EA: Practical solutions to common mammographic problems: tailoring the examination. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 151(1):31-9, 1988
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Skin thickening: Thickness > 2 mm
Can be focal or diffuse
Normal skin thicker in periareolar region, inframammary fold, parasternally, up to 3 mm
Peau d'orange = skin resembles peel of orange: Thickened, with prominent skin pores, often also erythematous
Implies lymphatic edema, usually seen with inflammatory carcinoma (involving ≥ 1/3 of breast)
Skin retraction: Skin is abnormally pulled in, tethered, concave, dimpled
Skin invasion: Tumor extends into skin, usually directly overlying tumor
Usually shows associated skin thickening
Skin retraction does not equal skin invasion
IMAGING
Mammographic Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Hasbahceci M et al: Use of imaging for the diagnosis of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: A clinician's perspective. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 28(11):862-867, 2018
Kung TA et al: Radiation-induced skin changes after postmastectomy radiation therapy: A pilot study on indicators for timing of delayed breast reconstruction. J Reconstr Microsurg. ePub, 2018
Bitencourt AGV et al: Breast metastases from extramammary malignancies: multimodality imaging aspects. Br J Radiol. 90(1077):20170197, 2017
Dabi Y et al: Incidence of inflammatory breast cancer in patients with clinical inflammatory breast symptoms. PLoS One. 12(12):e0189385, 2017
van Uden DJP et al: Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of inflammatory breast cancer prior to and after neoadjuvant treatment. Breast Care (Basel). 12(4):224-229, 2017
Chesebro AL et al: Radiation-associated angiosarcoma of the breast: What the radiologist needs to know. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 207(1):217-25, 2016
Torres MA et al: The impact of axillary lymph node surgery on breast skin thickening during and after radiation therapy for breast cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 95(2):590-6, 2016
Morris EA et al: Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System: BI-RADS, Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2nd ed. Reston: American College of Radiology, 2013
Mendelson EB et al: Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System: BI-RADS, Ultrasound. 2nd ed. Reston: American College of Radiology, 2013
Sickles EA et al: Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System: BI-RADS, Mammography. 5th ed. Reston: American College of Radiology, 2013
Uematsu T: MRI findings of inflammatory breast cancer, locally advanced breast cancer, and acute mastitis: T2-weighted images can increase the specificity of inflammatory breast cancer. Breast Cancer. 19(4):289-94, 2012
Kwak JY et al: Unilateral breast edema: spectrum of etiologies and imaging appearances. Yonsei Med J. 46(1):1-7, 2005
Günhan-Bilgen I et al: Inflammatory breast carcinoma: mammographic, ultrasonographic, clinical, and pathologic findings in 142 cases. Radiology. 223(3):829-38, 2002
Padhani AR et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of induration in the irradiated breast. Radiother Oncol. 64(2):157-62, 2002
Harris JR et al: Diseases of the Breast. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 68-9, 1996
Sickles EA: Practical solutions to common mammographic problems: tailoring the examination. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 151(1):31-9, 1988
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