Bookmarks
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Spina bifida aperta: Open spina bifida
- Spina bifida occulta: Closed spina bifida (typically small)
- Neural tube defect (open or closed)
- Spinal dysraphism
Definitions
- Bony vertebral defect + neural content exposure
- Open spina bifida: Without skin coverage (90%)
- Closed spina bifida: With skin coverage (10%)
- Subtypes of open spina bifida
- Meningocele: Dural sac only involved (will have bulge)
- Myelomeningocele: Neural elements attached to herniated dural sac (will have bulge)
- Myelocele (a.k.a. myeloschisis): Neural placode exposed without dural herniation (flat)
- Affected level is defined by lowermost closed level
- Bony vertebral defect + neural content exposure
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Gotha L et al: Fetal spina bifida: what we tell the parents. Prenat Diagn. 40(12):1499-507, 2020
- Wertaschnigg D et al: Cranial sonographic markers of fetal open spina bifida at 11 to 13 weeks of gestation. Prenat Diagn. 40(3):365-72, 2020
- Sacco A et al: Fetal surgery for open spina bifida. Obstet Gynaecol. 21(4):271-82, 2019
- Ushakov F et al: Crash sign: new first-trimester sonographic marker of spina bifida. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 54(6):740-5, 2019
- Nagaraj UD et al: Myelomeningocele versus myelocele on fetal MR images: are there differences in brain findings? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 211(6):1376-80, 2018
- Khalil A et al: Prenatal prediction of need for ventriculoperitoneal shunt in open spina bifida. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 43(2):159-64, 2014
- Adzick NS: Fetal surgery for spina bifida: past, present, future. Semin Pediatr Surg. 22(1):10-7, 2013
- Mangione R et al: Screening for fetal spina bifida at the 11-13-week scan using three anatomical features of the posterior brain. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 42(4):416-20, 2013
- Agopian AJ et al: Spina bifida subtypes and sub-phenotypes by maternal race/ethnicity in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Am J Med Genet A. 158A(1):109-15, 2012
- Adzick NS: Fetal myelomeningocele: natural history, pathophysiology, and in-utero intervention. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 15(1):9-14, 2010
- Bulas D: Fetal evaluation of spine dysraphism. Pediatr Radiol. 40(6):1029-37, 2010
- Chao TT et al: Central nervous system findings on fetal magnetic resonance imaging and outcomes in children with spina bifida. Obstet Gynecol. 116(2 Pt 1):323-9, 2010
- Copp AJ et al: Genetics and development of neural tube defects. J Pathol. 220(2):217-30, 2010
- Kohl T: Minimally invasive fetoscopic interventions: an overview in 2010. Surg Endosc. 24(8):2056-67, 2010
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Spina bifida aperta: Open spina bifida
- Spina bifida occulta: Closed spina bifida (typically small)
- Neural tube defect (open or closed)
- Spinal dysraphism
Definitions
- Bony vertebral defect + neural content exposure
- Open spina bifida: Without skin coverage (90%)
- Closed spina bifida: With skin coverage (10%)
- Subtypes of open spina bifida
- Meningocele: Dural sac only involved (will have bulge)
- Myelomeningocele: Neural elements attached to herniated dural sac (will have bulge)
- Myelocele (a.k.a. myeloschisis): Neural placode exposed without dural herniation (flat)
- Affected level is defined by lowermost closed level
- Bony vertebral defect + neural content exposure
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Gotha L et al: Fetal spina bifida: what we tell the parents. Prenat Diagn. 40(12):1499-507, 2020
- Wertaschnigg D et al: Cranial sonographic markers of fetal open spina bifida at 11 to 13 weeks of gestation. Prenat Diagn. 40(3):365-72, 2020
- Sacco A et al: Fetal surgery for open spina bifida. Obstet Gynaecol. 21(4):271-82, 2019
- Ushakov F et al: Crash sign: new first-trimester sonographic marker of spina bifida. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 54(6):740-5, 2019
- Nagaraj UD et al: Myelomeningocele versus myelocele on fetal MR images: are there differences in brain findings? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 211(6):1376-80, 2018
- Khalil A et al: Prenatal prediction of need for ventriculoperitoneal shunt in open spina bifida. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 43(2):159-64, 2014
- Adzick NS: Fetal surgery for spina bifida: past, present, future. Semin Pediatr Surg. 22(1):10-7, 2013
- Mangione R et al: Screening for fetal spina bifida at the 11-13-week scan using three anatomical features of the posterior brain. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 42(4):416-20, 2013
- Agopian AJ et al: Spina bifida subtypes and sub-phenotypes by maternal race/ethnicity in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Am J Med Genet A. 158A(1):109-15, 2012
- Adzick NS: Fetal myelomeningocele: natural history, pathophysiology, and in-utero intervention. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 15(1):9-14, 2010
- Bulas D: Fetal evaluation of spine dysraphism. Pediatr Radiol. 40(6):1029-37, 2010
- Chao TT et al: Central nervous system findings on fetal magnetic resonance imaging and outcomes in children with spina bifida. Obstet Gynecol. 116(2 Pt 1):323-9, 2010
- Copp AJ et al: Genetics and development of neural tube defects. J Pathol. 220(2):217-30, 2010
- Kohl T: Minimally invasive fetoscopic interventions: an overview in 2010. Surg Endosc. 24(8):2056-67, 2010
