Meningocele: Dural sac only involved (will have bulge)
Myelomeningocele: Neural elements attached to herniated dural sac (will have bulge)
Myelocele (a.k.a. myeloschisis): Neural placode exposed without dural herniation (flat)
Affected level is defined by lowermost closed level
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Gotha L et al: Fetal spina bifida: what we tell the parents. Prenat Diagn. 40(12):1499-507, 2020
Wertaschnigg D et al: Cranial sonographic markers of fetal open spina bifida at 11 to 13 weeks of gestation. Prenat Diagn. 40(3):365-72, 2020
Sacco A et al: Fetal surgery for open spina bifida. Obstet Gynaecol. 21(4):271-82, 2019
Ushakov F et al: Crash sign: new first-trimester sonographic marker of spina bifida. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 54(6):740-5, 2019
Nagaraj UD et al: Myelomeningocele versus myelocele on fetal MR images: are there differences in brain findings? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 211(6):1376-80, 2018
Khalil A et al: Prenatal prediction of need for ventriculoperitoneal shunt in open spina bifida. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 43(2):159-64, 2014
Adzick NS: Fetal surgery for spina bifida: past, present, future. Semin Pediatr Surg. 22(1):10-7, 2013
Mangione R et al: Screening for fetal spina bifida at the 11-13-week scan using three anatomical features of the posterior brain. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 42(4):416-20, 2013
Agopian AJ et al: Spina bifida subtypes and sub-phenotypes by maternal race/ethnicity in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Am J Med Genet A. 158A(1):109-15, 2012
Chao TT et al: Central nervous system findings on fetal magnetic resonance imaging and outcomes in children with spina bifida. Obstet Gynecol. 116(2 Pt 1):323-9, 2010
Copp AJ et al: Genetics and development of neural tube defects. J Pathol. 220(2):217-30, 2010
Kohl T: Minimally invasive fetoscopic interventions: an overview in 2010. Surg Endosc. 24(8):2056-67, 2010
Meningocele: Dural sac only involved (will have bulge)
Myelomeningocele: Neural elements attached to herniated dural sac (will have bulge)
Myelocele (a.k.a. myeloschisis): Neural placode exposed without dural herniation (flat)
Affected level is defined by lowermost closed level
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Gotha L et al: Fetal spina bifida: what we tell the parents. Prenat Diagn. 40(12):1499-507, 2020
Wertaschnigg D et al: Cranial sonographic markers of fetal open spina bifida at 11 to 13 weeks of gestation. Prenat Diagn. 40(3):365-72, 2020
Sacco A et al: Fetal surgery for open spina bifida. Obstet Gynaecol. 21(4):271-82, 2019
Ushakov F et al: Crash sign: new first-trimester sonographic marker of spina bifida. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 54(6):740-5, 2019
Nagaraj UD et al: Myelomeningocele versus myelocele on fetal MR images: are there differences in brain findings? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 211(6):1376-80, 2018
Khalil A et al: Prenatal prediction of need for ventriculoperitoneal shunt in open spina bifida. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 43(2):159-64, 2014
Adzick NS: Fetal surgery for spina bifida: past, present, future. Semin Pediatr Surg. 22(1):10-7, 2013
Mangione R et al: Screening for fetal spina bifida at the 11-13-week scan using three anatomical features of the posterior brain. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 42(4):416-20, 2013
Agopian AJ et al: Spina bifida subtypes and sub-phenotypes by maternal race/ethnicity in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Am J Med Genet A. 158A(1):109-15, 2012
Chao TT et al: Central nervous system findings on fetal magnetic resonance imaging and outcomes in children with spina bifida. Obstet Gynecol. 116(2 Pt 1):323-9, 2010
Copp AJ et al: Genetics and development of neural tube defects. J Pathol. 220(2):217-30, 2010
Kohl T: Minimally invasive fetoscopic interventions: an overview in 2010. Surg Endosc. 24(8):2056-67, 2010
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