Direct arterial/venous communications forming compact nidus within cord
General spine vascular malformation classification
Type 1: Dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF)
Most common type (up to 80%)
Type 2: Intramedullary glomus-type AVM (similar to brain AVM)
Type 3: Juvenile-type AVM (intramedullary extramedullary)
Type 4: Intradural extra-/perimedullary AVF
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Angiographic Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Peckham ME et al: Imaging of vascular disorders of the spine. Radiol Clin North Am. 57(2):307-18, 2019
Kramer CL: Vascular disorders of the spinal cord. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 24(2, Spinal Cord Disorders):407-26, 2018
Nikova A et al: Pediatric dilemma: endovascular versus surgical Intervention for spinal vascular malformations. Pediatr Neurosurg. 53(5):291-8, 2018
Takai K: Spinal arteriovenous shunts: angioarchitecture and historical changes in classification. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 57(7):356-65, 2017
Gross BA et al: Spinal glomus (type II) arteriovenous malformations: a pooled analysis of hemorrhage risk and results of intervention. Neurosurgery. 72(1):25-32, 2013
Rubin MN et al: Vascular diseases of the spinal cord. Neurol Clin. 31(1):153-81, 2013
Gross BA et al: Hemorrhage from arteriovenous malformations during pregnancy. Neurosurgery. 71(2):349-55; discussion 355-6, 2012
Qureshi AI: A new classification scheme for spinal vascular abnormalities based on angiographic features. J Neuroimaging. 23(3):401-8, 2012
Boström A et al: Spinal glomus-type arteriovenous malformations: microsurgical treatment in 20 cases. J Neurosurg Spine. 10(5):423-9, 2009
Eddleman CS et al: Advanced noninvasive imaging of spinal vascular malformations. Neurosurg Focus. 26(1):E9, 2009
Johnson WD et al: Variety of spinal vascular pathology seen in adult Cobb syndrome. J Neurosurg Spine. 10(5):430-5, 2009
Krings T et al: Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 30(4):639-48, 2009
Spetzler RF et al: Modified classification of spinal cord vascular lesions. J Neurosurg. 96(2 Suppl):145-56, 2002
Bemporad JA et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of spinal cord vascular malformations with an emphasis on the cervical spine. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 11(1):viii, 111-29, 2001
Mascalchi M et al: Spinal vascular malformations: MR angiography after treatment. Radiology. 219(2): 346-53, 2001
Hasegawa M et al: The efficacy of CT arteriography for spinal arteriovenous fistula surgery: technical note. Neuroradiology. 41(12): 915-9, 1999
Mascalchi M et al: Contrast-enhanced time-resolved MR angiography of spinal vascular malformations. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 23(3): 341-5, 1999
Morgan MK: Outcome from treatment for spinal arteriovenous malformation. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 10(1):113-9, 1999
Bao YH et al: Classification and therapeutic modalities of spinal vascular malformations in 80 patients. Neurosurgery. 40(1):75-81, 1997
Hasuo K et al: Contrast-enhanced MRI in spinal arteriovenous malformations and fistulae before and after embolisation therapy. Neuroradiology. 38(7):609-14, 1996
Mourier KL et al: Intradural perimedullary arteriovenous fistulae: results of surgical and endovascular treatment in a series of 35 cases. Neurosurgery. 32(6):885-91; discussion 891, 1993
Horton JA et al: Embolization of intramedullary arteriovenous malformations of the spinal cord. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 7(1):113-8, 1986
Theron J et al: Spinal arteriovenous malformations: advances in therapeutic embolization. Radiology. 158(1):163-9, 1986
Scialfa G et al: Embolization of vascular malformations of the spinal cord. J Neurosurg Sci. 29(1):1-9, 1985
Riche MC et al: Embolization of spinal cord vascular malformations via the anterior spinal artery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 4(3):378-81, 1983
Direct arterial/venous communications forming compact nidus within cord
General spine vascular malformation classification
Type 1: Dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF)
Most common type (up to 80%)
Type 2: Intramedullary glomus-type AVM (similar to brain AVM)
Type 3: Juvenile-type AVM (intramedullary extramedullary)
Type 4: Intradural extra-/perimedullary AVF
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Angiographic Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Peckham ME et al: Imaging of vascular disorders of the spine. Radiol Clin North Am. 57(2):307-18, 2019
Kramer CL: Vascular disorders of the spinal cord. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 24(2, Spinal Cord Disorders):407-26, 2018
Nikova A et al: Pediatric dilemma: endovascular versus surgical Intervention for spinal vascular malformations. Pediatr Neurosurg. 53(5):291-8, 2018
Takai K: Spinal arteriovenous shunts: angioarchitecture and historical changes in classification. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 57(7):356-65, 2017
Gross BA et al: Spinal glomus (type II) arteriovenous malformations: a pooled analysis of hemorrhage risk and results of intervention. Neurosurgery. 72(1):25-32, 2013
Rubin MN et al: Vascular diseases of the spinal cord. Neurol Clin. 31(1):153-81, 2013
Gross BA et al: Hemorrhage from arteriovenous malformations during pregnancy. Neurosurgery. 71(2):349-55; discussion 355-6, 2012
Qureshi AI: A new classification scheme for spinal vascular abnormalities based on angiographic features. J Neuroimaging. 23(3):401-8, 2012
Boström A et al: Spinal glomus-type arteriovenous malformations: microsurgical treatment in 20 cases. J Neurosurg Spine. 10(5):423-9, 2009
Eddleman CS et al: Advanced noninvasive imaging of spinal vascular malformations. Neurosurg Focus. 26(1):E9, 2009
Johnson WD et al: Variety of spinal vascular pathology seen in adult Cobb syndrome. J Neurosurg Spine. 10(5):430-5, 2009
Krings T et al: Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 30(4):639-48, 2009
Spetzler RF et al: Modified classification of spinal cord vascular lesions. J Neurosurg. 96(2 Suppl):145-56, 2002
Bemporad JA et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of spinal cord vascular malformations with an emphasis on the cervical spine. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 11(1):viii, 111-29, 2001
Mascalchi M et al: Spinal vascular malformations: MR angiography after treatment. Radiology. 219(2): 346-53, 2001
Hasegawa M et al: The efficacy of CT arteriography for spinal arteriovenous fistula surgery: technical note. Neuroradiology. 41(12): 915-9, 1999
Mascalchi M et al: Contrast-enhanced time-resolved MR angiography of spinal vascular malformations. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 23(3): 341-5, 1999
Morgan MK: Outcome from treatment for spinal arteriovenous malformation. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 10(1):113-9, 1999
Bao YH et al: Classification and therapeutic modalities of spinal vascular malformations in 80 patients. Neurosurgery. 40(1):75-81, 1997
Hasuo K et al: Contrast-enhanced MRI in spinal arteriovenous malformations and fistulae before and after embolisation therapy. Neuroradiology. 38(7):609-14, 1996
Mourier KL et al: Intradural perimedullary arteriovenous fistulae: results of surgical and endovascular treatment in a series of 35 cases. Neurosurgery. 32(6):885-91; discussion 891, 1993
Horton JA et al: Embolization of intramedullary arteriovenous malformations of the spinal cord. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 7(1):113-8, 1986
Theron J et al: Spinal arteriovenous malformations: advances in therapeutic embolization. Radiology. 158(1):163-9, 1986
Scialfa G et al: Embolization of vascular malformations of the spinal cord. J Neurosurg Sci. 29(1):1-9, 1985
Riche MC et al: Embolization of spinal cord vascular malformations via the anterior spinal artery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 4(3):378-81, 1983
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