Han Z et al: Prognostic value of H3K27me3 in children with ependymoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 67(3):e28121, 2020
Abdallah A et al: Long-term surgical resection outcomes of pediatric myxopapillary ependymoma: experience of two centers and brief literature review. World Neurosurg. 136:e245-61, 2019
Swanson AA et al: Spinal cord ependymomas with MYCN amplification show aggressive clinical behavior. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 78(9):791-7, 2019
Celano E et al: Spinal cord ependymoma: a review of the literature and case series of ten patients. J Neurooncol. 128(3):377-86, 2016
Lin Y et al: Treatment of pediatric grade II spinal ependymomas: a population-based study. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 15(3):243-9, 2015
Severino M et al: Intradural extramedullary ependymoma with leptomeningeal dissemination: the first case report in a child and literature review. World Neurosurg. 84(3):865.e13-9, 2015
Arima H et al: Feasibility of a novel diagnostic chart of intramedullary spinal cord tumors in magnetic resonance imaging. Spinal Cord. 52(10):769-73, 2014
Cimino PJ et al: Myxopapillary ependymoma in children: a study of 11 cases and a comparison with the adult experience. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 61(11):1969-71, 2014
Lundar T et al: Pediatric spinal ependymomas: an unpredictable and puzzling disease. Long-term follow-up of a single consecutive institutional series of ten patients. Childs Nerv Syst. 30(12):2083-8, 2014
Safaee M et al: Surgical outcomes in spinal cord ependymomas and the importance of extent of resection in children and young adults. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 13(4):393-9, 2014
Shirasawa H et al: Pediatric myxopapillary ependymoma treated with subtotal resection and radiation therapy: a case report and review of the literature. Spinal Cord. 52 Suppl 2:S18-20, 2014
Yang T et al: Clinical features and long-term outcomes of intraspinal ependymomas in pediatric patients. Childs Nerv Syst. 30(12):2073-81, 2014
Oh MC et al: Spinal ependymomas: benefits of extent of resection for different histological grades. J Clin Neurosci. 20(10):1390-7, 2013
Karikari IO et al: Impact of tumor histology on resectability and neurological outcome in primary intramedullary spinal cord tumors: a single-center experience with 102 patients. Neurosurgery. 68(1):188-97; discussion 197, 2011
Plotkin SR et al: Spinal ependymomas in neurofibromatosis Type 2: a retrospective analysis of 55 patients. J Neurosurg Spine. 14(4):543-7, 2011
Benesch M et al: Ependymoma of the spinal cord in children and adolescents: a retrospective series from the HIT database. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 6(2):137-44, 2010
Gepp Rde A et al: Intramedullary tumors in children: analysis of 24 operated cases. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 68(3):396-9, 2010
Hsu W et al: Surgical considerations of spinal ependymomas in the pediatric population. Childs Nerv Syst. 25(10):1253-9, 2009
Robles SG et al: Intradural extramedullary spinal ependymoma: a benign pathology? Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 30(9):E251-4, 2005
Sun B et al: MRI features of intramedullary spinal cord ependymomas. J Neuroimaging. 13(4):346-51, 2003
Carter M et al: Genetic abnormalities detected in ependymomas by comparative genomic hybridisation. Br J Cancer. 86(6):929-39, 2002
Jeuken JW et al: Correlation between localization, age, and chromosomal imbalances in ependymal tumours as detected by CGH. J Pathol. 197(2):238-44, 2002
Hirose Y et al: Chromosomal abnormalities subdivide ependymal tumors into clinically relevant groups. Am J Pathol. 158(3):1137-43, 2001
Koeller KK et al: Neoplasms of the spinal cord and filum terminale: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 20(6):1721-49, 2000
Miyazawa N et al: MRI at 1.5 T of intramedullary ependymoma and classification of pattern of contrast enhancement. Neuroradiology. 42(11):828-32, 2000
Wiestler OD et al: Ependymoma. In Kleihues P et al: Pathology & Genetics of Tumors of the Central Nervous System. Lyon: IARC Press. 72-7, 2000
Mazewski C et al: Karyotype studies in 18 ependymomas with literature review of 107 cases. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 113(1):1-8, 1999
Kahan H et al: MR characteristics of histopathologic subtypes of spinal ependymoma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 17(1):143-50, 1996
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
Spinal cord neoplasm arising from ependymal cells
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Han Z et al: Prognostic value of H3K27me3 in children with ependymoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 67(3):e28121, 2020
Abdallah A et al: Long-term surgical resection outcomes of pediatric myxopapillary ependymoma: experience of two centers and brief literature review. World Neurosurg. 136:e245-61, 2019
Swanson AA et al: Spinal cord ependymomas with MYCN amplification show aggressive clinical behavior. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 78(9):791-7, 2019
Celano E et al: Spinal cord ependymoma: a review of the literature and case series of ten patients. J Neurooncol. 128(3):377-86, 2016
Lin Y et al: Treatment of pediatric grade II spinal ependymomas: a population-based study. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 15(3):243-9, 2015
Severino M et al: Intradural extramedullary ependymoma with leptomeningeal dissemination: the first case report in a child and literature review. World Neurosurg. 84(3):865.e13-9, 2015
Arima H et al: Feasibility of a novel diagnostic chart of intramedullary spinal cord tumors in magnetic resonance imaging. Spinal Cord. 52(10):769-73, 2014
Cimino PJ et al: Myxopapillary ependymoma in children: a study of 11 cases and a comparison with the adult experience. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 61(11):1969-71, 2014
Lundar T et al: Pediatric spinal ependymomas: an unpredictable and puzzling disease. Long-term follow-up of a single consecutive institutional series of ten patients. Childs Nerv Syst. 30(12):2083-8, 2014
Safaee M et al: Surgical outcomes in spinal cord ependymomas and the importance of extent of resection in children and young adults. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 13(4):393-9, 2014
Shirasawa H et al: Pediatric myxopapillary ependymoma treated with subtotal resection and radiation therapy: a case report and review of the literature. Spinal Cord. 52 Suppl 2:S18-20, 2014
Yang T et al: Clinical features and long-term outcomes of intraspinal ependymomas in pediatric patients. Childs Nerv Syst. 30(12):2073-81, 2014
Oh MC et al: Spinal ependymomas: benefits of extent of resection for different histological grades. J Clin Neurosci. 20(10):1390-7, 2013
Karikari IO et al: Impact of tumor histology on resectability and neurological outcome in primary intramedullary spinal cord tumors: a single-center experience with 102 patients. Neurosurgery. 68(1):188-97; discussion 197, 2011
Plotkin SR et al: Spinal ependymomas in neurofibromatosis Type 2: a retrospective analysis of 55 patients. J Neurosurg Spine. 14(4):543-7, 2011
Benesch M et al: Ependymoma of the spinal cord in children and adolescents: a retrospective series from the HIT database. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 6(2):137-44, 2010
Gepp Rde A et al: Intramedullary tumors in children: analysis of 24 operated cases. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 68(3):396-9, 2010
Hsu W et al: Surgical considerations of spinal ependymomas in the pediatric population. Childs Nerv Syst. 25(10):1253-9, 2009
Robles SG et al: Intradural extramedullary spinal ependymoma: a benign pathology? Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 30(9):E251-4, 2005
Sun B et al: MRI features of intramedullary spinal cord ependymomas. J Neuroimaging. 13(4):346-51, 2003
Carter M et al: Genetic abnormalities detected in ependymomas by comparative genomic hybridisation. Br J Cancer. 86(6):929-39, 2002
Jeuken JW et al: Correlation between localization, age, and chromosomal imbalances in ependymal tumours as detected by CGH. J Pathol. 197(2):238-44, 2002
Hirose Y et al: Chromosomal abnormalities subdivide ependymal tumors into clinically relevant groups. Am J Pathol. 158(3):1137-43, 2001
Koeller KK et al: Neoplasms of the spinal cord and filum terminale: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 20(6):1721-49, 2000
Miyazawa N et al: MRI at 1.5 T of intramedullary ependymoma and classification of pattern of contrast enhancement. Neuroradiology. 42(11):828-32, 2000
Wiestler OD et al: Ependymoma. In Kleihues P et al: Pathology & Genetics of Tumors of the Central Nervous System. Lyon: IARC Press. 72-7, 2000
Mazewski C et al: Karyotype studies in 18 ependymomas with literature review of 107 cases. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 113(1):1-8, 1999
Kahan H et al: MR characteristics of histopathologic subtypes of spinal ependymoma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 17(1):143-50, 1996
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