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Spine
Diagnosis
Infection and Inflammatory Disorders
Infections
Spinal Meningitis
Spinal Meningitis
Jeffrey S. Ross, MD
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KEY FACTS

  • Imaging

    • Top Differential Diagnoses

      • Pathology

        • Clinical Issues

          • Diagnostic Checklist

            TERMINOLOGY

            • Synonyms

              • Infectious arachnoiditis

            • Definitions

              • Infection of spinal cord leptomeninges and subarachnoid space

            IMAGING

            • General Features

              • CT Findings

                • MR Findings

                  • Nonvascular Interventions

                    • Imaging Recommendations

                      DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                        PATHOLOGY

                        • General Features

                          • Microscopic Features

                            CLINICAL ISSUES

                            • Presentation

                              • Demographics

                                • Natural History & Prognosis

                                  • Treatment

                                    DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST

                                    • Image Interpretation Pearls

                                      Selected References

                                      1. Donovan J et al: The neurocritical care of tuberculous meningitis. Lancet Neurol. 18(8):771-83, 2019
                                      2. GBD 2016 Meningitis collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of meningitis, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 17(12):1061-82, 2018
                                      3. Thakur KT et al: Chronic meningitis. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 24(5, Neuroinfectious Disease):1298-326, 2018
                                      4. Bottomley MJ et al: Future challenges in the elimination of bacterial meningitis. Vaccine. 30 Suppl 2:B78-86, 2012
                                      5. Cunha BA: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactic acid levels: a rapid and reliable way to differentiate viral from bacterial meningitis or concurrent viral/bacterial meningitis. J Clin Microbiol. 50(1):211, 2012
                                      6. Edmond K et al: Global and regional risk of disabling sequelae from bacterial meningitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 10(5):317-28, 2010
                                      7. Hamed SA et al: Oxidative stress and S-100B protein in children with bacterial meningitis. BMC Neurol. 9:51, 2009
                                      8. Ray B et al: QUESTION 1. Normal CSF: does it exclude meningitis? Arch Dis Child. 94(12):988-91, 2009
                                      9. Huynh W et al: Meningococcal meningitis and a negative cerebrospinal fluid: case report and its medicolegal implications. Emerg Med Australas. 19(6):553-5, 2007
                                      10. Hunter JV et al: Neuroimaging of central nervous system infections. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. 14(2):140-64, 2003
                                      11. O'Farrell R et al: Spinal cord infarction and tetraplegia--rare complications of meningococcal meningitis. Br J Anaesth. 84(4):514-7, 2000
                                      12. Kaplan SL: Clinical presentations, diagnosis, and prognostic factors of bacterial meningitis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 13(3):579-94, vi-vii, 1999
                                      13. Meltzer CC et al: MR imaging of the meninges. Part I. Normal anatomic features and nonneoplastic disease. Radiology. 201(2):297-308, 1996
                                      14. Post MJ et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of spinal infection. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 17(3):773-94, 1991
                                      15. Chang KH et al: Tuberculous arachnoiditis of the spine: findings on myelography, CT, and MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 10(6):1255-62, 1989
                                      Related Anatomy
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                                      Related Differential Diagnoses
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                                      References
                                      Tables

                                      Tables

                                      KEY FACTS

                                      • Imaging

                                        • Top Differential Diagnoses

                                          • Pathology

                                            • Clinical Issues

                                              • Diagnostic Checklist

                                                TERMINOLOGY

                                                • Synonyms

                                                  • Infectious arachnoiditis

                                                • Definitions

                                                  • Infection of spinal cord leptomeninges and subarachnoid space

                                                IMAGING

                                                • General Features

                                                  • CT Findings

                                                    • MR Findings

                                                      • Nonvascular Interventions

                                                        • Imaging Recommendations

                                                          DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                                                            PATHOLOGY

                                                            • General Features

                                                              • Microscopic Features

                                                                CLINICAL ISSUES

                                                                • Presentation

                                                                  • Demographics

                                                                    • Natural History & Prognosis

                                                                      • Treatment

                                                                        DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST

                                                                        • Image Interpretation Pearls

                                                                          Selected References

                                                                          1. Donovan J et al: The neurocritical care of tuberculous meningitis. Lancet Neurol. 18(8):771-83, 2019
                                                                          2. GBD 2016 Meningitis collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of meningitis, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 17(12):1061-82, 2018
                                                                          3. Thakur KT et al: Chronic meningitis. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 24(5, Neuroinfectious Disease):1298-326, 2018
                                                                          4. Bottomley MJ et al: Future challenges in the elimination of bacterial meningitis. Vaccine. 30 Suppl 2:B78-86, 2012
                                                                          5. Cunha BA: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactic acid levels: a rapid and reliable way to differentiate viral from bacterial meningitis or concurrent viral/bacterial meningitis. J Clin Microbiol. 50(1):211, 2012
                                                                          6. Edmond K et al: Global and regional risk of disabling sequelae from bacterial meningitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 10(5):317-28, 2010
                                                                          7. Hamed SA et al: Oxidative stress and S-100B protein in children with bacterial meningitis. BMC Neurol. 9:51, 2009
                                                                          8. Ray B et al: QUESTION 1. Normal CSF: does it exclude meningitis? Arch Dis Child. 94(12):988-91, 2009
                                                                          9. Huynh W et al: Meningococcal meningitis and a negative cerebrospinal fluid: case report and its medicolegal implications. Emerg Med Australas. 19(6):553-5, 2007
                                                                          10. Hunter JV et al: Neuroimaging of central nervous system infections. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. 14(2):140-64, 2003
                                                                          11. O'Farrell R et al: Spinal cord infarction and tetraplegia--rare complications of meningococcal meningitis. Br J Anaesth. 84(4):514-7, 2000
                                                                          12. Kaplan SL: Clinical presentations, diagnosis, and prognostic factors of bacterial meningitis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 13(3):579-94, vi-vii, 1999
                                                                          13. Meltzer CC et al: MR imaging of the meninges. Part I. Normal anatomic features and nonneoplastic disease. Radiology. 201(2):297-308, 1996
                                                                          14. Post MJ et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of spinal infection. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 17(3):773-94, 1991
                                                                          15. Chang KH et al: Tuberculous arachnoiditis of the spine: findings on myelography, CT, and MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 10(6):1255-62, 1989