Leung E et al: Contemporary endovascular management of splenic vascular pathologies. Clin Radiol. 75(12):960.e-34, 2020
Morell-Hofert D et al: Validation of the revised 2018 AAST-OIS classification and the CT severity index for prediction of operative management and survival in patients with blunt spleen and liver injuries. Eur Radiol. 30(12):6570-81, 2020
O'Neill SB et al: Changes in approach to solid organ injury: what the radiologist needs to know. Can Assoc Radiol J. 71(3):352-61, 2020
Basaran A et al: Evaluation of intra-abdominal solid organ injuries in children. Acta Biomed. 89(4):505-12, 2019
Shi H et al: CT of blunt splenic injuries: what the trauma team wants to know from the radiologist. Clin Radiol. 74(12):903-11, 2019
Kozar RA et al: Organ injury scaling 2018 update: spleen, liver, and kidney. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 85(6):1119-22, 2018
Uyeda JW et al: Active hemorrhage and vascular injuries in splenic trauma: utility of the arterial phase in multidetector CT. Radiology. 270(1):99-106, 2014
Boscak AR et al: Optimizing trauma multidetector CT protocol for blunt splenic injury: need for arterial and portal venous phase scans. Radiology. 268(1):79-88, 2013
Post R et al: Computed tomography blush and splenic injury: does it always require angioembolization? Am Surg. 79(10):1089-92, 2013
Singla S et al: Splenic injury during colonoscopy--a complication that warrants urgent attention. J Gastrointest Surg. 16(6):1225-34, 2012
Salimi J et al: Diagnostic accuracy of CT scan in abdominal blunt trauma. Chin J Traumatol. 12(2):67-70, 2009
Tang J et al: Comparison of gray-scale contrast-enhanced ultrasonography with contrast-enhanced computed tomography in different grading of blunt hepatic and splenic trauma: an animal experiment. Ultrasound Med Biol. 35(4):566-75, 2009
Danelson KA et al: Volumetric splenic injury measurement in ct scans for comparison with injury score. Biomed Sci Instrum. 44:159-64, 2008
Matsushima K: The efficacy of serial computed tomography (CT) for blunt splenic injury. J Trauma. 65(6):1570-1, 2008
Marmery H et al: Optimization of selection for nonoperative management of blunt splenic injury: comparison of MDCT grading systems. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 189(6):1421-7, 2007
Thorelius L: Emergency real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasonography for detection of solid organ injuries. Eur Radiol. 17 Suppl 6:F107-11, 2007
Becker CD et al: The trauma concept: the role of MDCT in the diagnosis and management of visceral injuries. Eur Radiol. 15 Suppl 4:D105-9, 2005
Chen LY et al: The role of diagnostic algorithms in the management of blunt splenic injury. J Chin Med Assoc. 68(8):373-8, 2005
Cooney R et al: Limitations of splenic angioembolization in treating blunt splenic injury. J Trauma. 59(4):926-32; discussion 932, 2005
Doody O et al: Blunt trauma to the spleen: ultrasonographic findings. Clin Radiol. 60(9):968-76, 2005
Fata P et al: A survey of EAST member practices in blunt splenic injury: a description of current trends and opportunities for improvement. J Trauma. 59(4):836-41; discussion 841-2, 2005
Haan JM et al: Nonoperative management of blunt splenic injury: a 5-year experience. J Trauma. 58(3):492-8, 2005
Harbrecht BG et al: Is outcome after blunt splenic injury in adults better in high-volume trauma centers? Am Surg. 71(11):942-8; discussion 948-9, 2005
Peitzman AB et al: Failure of observation of blunt splenic injury in adults: variability in practice and adverse consequences. J Am Coll Surg. 201(2):179-87, 2005
Rhodes CA et al: Clinical outcome of active extravasation in splenic trauma. Emerg Radiol. 11(6):348-52, 2005
Rozycki GS et al: Surgeon-performed bedside organ assessment with sonography after trauma (BOAST): a pilot study from the WTA Multicenter Group. J Trauma. 59(6):1356-64, 2005
Sharma OP et al: Assessment of nonoperative management of blunt spleen and liver trauma. Am Surg. 71(5):379-86, 2005
Shen HB et al: Clinical application of laparoscopic spleen-preserving operation in traumatic spleen rupture. Chin J Traumatol. 8(5):293-6, 2005
Smith J et al: Abdominal trauma: a disease in evolution. ANZ J Surg. 75(9):790-4, 2005
Shanmuganathan K: Multi-detector row CT imaging of blunt abdominal trauma. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 25(2):180-204, 2004
Wahl WL et al: Blunt splenic injury: operation versus angiographic embolization. Surgery. 136(4):891-9, 2004
Katz S et al: Can ultrasonography replace computed tomography in the initial assessment of children with blunt abdominal trauma? J Pediatr Surg. 31(5):649-51, 1996
Black JJ et al: Subcapsular hematoma as a predictor of delayed splenic rupture. Am Surg. 58(12):732-5, 1992
Jeffrey RB Jr et al: Detection of active intraabdominal arterial hemorrhage: value of dynamic contrast-enhanced CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 156(4):725-9, 1991
Jeffrey RB Jr: CT diagnosis of blunt hepatic and splenic injuries: a look to the future. Radiology. 171(1):17-8, 1989
Orwig D et al: Localized clotted blood as evidence of visceral trauma on CT: the sentinel clot sign. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 153(4):747-9, 1989
Federle MP et al: Splenic trauma: evaluation with CT. Radiology. 162(1 Pt 1):69-71, 1987
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
Splenic laceration or splenic fracture
Definitions
Splenic parenchymal injury ± capsule disruption
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Angiographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Leung E et al: Contemporary endovascular management of splenic vascular pathologies. Clin Radiol. 75(12):960.e-34, 2020
Morell-Hofert D et al: Validation of the revised 2018 AAST-OIS classification and the CT severity index for prediction of operative management and survival in patients with blunt spleen and liver injuries. Eur Radiol. 30(12):6570-81, 2020
O'Neill SB et al: Changes in approach to solid organ injury: what the radiologist needs to know. Can Assoc Radiol J. 71(3):352-61, 2020
Basaran A et al: Evaluation of intra-abdominal solid organ injuries in children. Acta Biomed. 89(4):505-12, 2019
Shi H et al: CT of blunt splenic injuries: what the trauma team wants to know from the radiologist. Clin Radiol. 74(12):903-11, 2019
Kozar RA et al: Organ injury scaling 2018 update: spleen, liver, and kidney. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 85(6):1119-22, 2018
Uyeda JW et al: Active hemorrhage and vascular injuries in splenic trauma: utility of the arterial phase in multidetector CT. Radiology. 270(1):99-106, 2014
Boscak AR et al: Optimizing trauma multidetector CT protocol for blunt splenic injury: need for arterial and portal venous phase scans. Radiology. 268(1):79-88, 2013
Post R et al: Computed tomography blush and splenic injury: does it always require angioembolization? Am Surg. 79(10):1089-92, 2013
Singla S et al: Splenic injury during colonoscopy--a complication that warrants urgent attention. J Gastrointest Surg. 16(6):1225-34, 2012
Salimi J et al: Diagnostic accuracy of CT scan in abdominal blunt trauma. Chin J Traumatol. 12(2):67-70, 2009
Tang J et al: Comparison of gray-scale contrast-enhanced ultrasonography with contrast-enhanced computed tomography in different grading of blunt hepatic and splenic trauma: an animal experiment. Ultrasound Med Biol. 35(4):566-75, 2009
Danelson KA et al: Volumetric splenic injury measurement in ct scans for comparison with injury score. Biomed Sci Instrum. 44:159-64, 2008
Matsushima K: The efficacy of serial computed tomography (CT) for blunt splenic injury. J Trauma. 65(6):1570-1, 2008
Marmery H et al: Optimization of selection for nonoperative management of blunt splenic injury: comparison of MDCT grading systems. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 189(6):1421-7, 2007
Thorelius L: Emergency real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasonography for detection of solid organ injuries. Eur Radiol. 17 Suppl 6:F107-11, 2007
Becker CD et al: The trauma concept: the role of MDCT in the diagnosis and management of visceral injuries. Eur Radiol. 15 Suppl 4:D105-9, 2005
Chen LY et al: The role of diagnostic algorithms in the management of blunt splenic injury. J Chin Med Assoc. 68(8):373-8, 2005
Cooney R et al: Limitations of splenic angioembolization in treating blunt splenic injury. J Trauma. 59(4):926-32; discussion 932, 2005
Doody O et al: Blunt trauma to the spleen: ultrasonographic findings. Clin Radiol. 60(9):968-76, 2005
Fata P et al: A survey of EAST member practices in blunt splenic injury: a description of current trends and opportunities for improvement. J Trauma. 59(4):836-41; discussion 841-2, 2005
Haan JM et al: Nonoperative management of blunt splenic injury: a 5-year experience. J Trauma. 58(3):492-8, 2005
Harbrecht BG et al: Is outcome after blunt splenic injury in adults better in high-volume trauma centers? Am Surg. 71(11):942-8; discussion 948-9, 2005
Peitzman AB et al: Failure of observation of blunt splenic injury in adults: variability in practice and adverse consequences. J Am Coll Surg. 201(2):179-87, 2005
Rhodes CA et al: Clinical outcome of active extravasation in splenic trauma. Emerg Radiol. 11(6):348-52, 2005
Rozycki GS et al: Surgeon-performed bedside organ assessment with sonography after trauma (BOAST): a pilot study from the WTA Multicenter Group. J Trauma. 59(6):1356-64, 2005
Sharma OP et al: Assessment of nonoperative management of blunt spleen and liver trauma. Am Surg. 71(5):379-86, 2005
Shen HB et al: Clinical application of laparoscopic spleen-preserving operation in traumatic spleen rupture. Chin J Traumatol. 8(5):293-6, 2005
Smith J et al: Abdominal trauma: a disease in evolution. ANZ J Surg. 75(9):790-4, 2005
Shanmuganathan K: Multi-detector row CT imaging of blunt abdominal trauma. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 25(2):180-204, 2004
Wahl WL et al: Blunt splenic injury: operation versus angiographic embolization. Surgery. 136(4):891-9, 2004
Katz S et al: Can ultrasonography replace computed tomography in the initial assessment of children with blunt abdominal trauma? J Pediatr Surg. 31(5):649-51, 1996
Black JJ et al: Subcapsular hematoma as a predictor of delayed splenic rupture. Am Surg. 58(12):732-5, 1992
Jeffrey RB Jr et al: Detection of active intraabdominal arterial hemorrhage: value of dynamic contrast-enhanced CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 156(4):725-9, 1991
Jeffrey RB Jr: CT diagnosis of blunt hepatic and splenic injuries: a look to the future. Radiology. 171(1):17-8, 1989
Orwig D et al: Localized clotted blood as evidence of visceral trauma on CT: the sentinel clot sign. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 153(4):747-9, 1989
Federle MP et al: Splenic trauma: evaluation with CT. Radiology. 162(1 Pt 1):69-71, 1987
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