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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Formerly called seronegative spondyloarthropathy, spondyloarthritis
- Axial spondyloarthritis
Definitions
- RF(-) inflammatory arthritis and enthesopathy affecting spine and sacroiliac joints (SIJs)
- Archetype is ankylosing spondylitis (AS)
- Enthesopathy: Inflammation at attachments of ligaments and tendons (entheses)
- Syndesmophyte: Paraspinous ligamentous or disc ossification bridging 2 adjacent vertebral bodies
- RF(-) inflammatory arthritis and enthesopathy affecting spine and sacroiliac joints (SIJs)
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Carvalho PD et al: How to investigate: early axial spondyloarthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 33(4):101427, 2019
- Taurog JD et al: Ankylosing spondylitis and axial spondyloarthritis. N Engl J Med. 374(26):2563-74, 2016
- Navallas M et al: Sacroiliitis associated with axial spondyloarthropathy: new concepts and latest trends. Radiographics. 33(4):933-56, 2013
- El Zahlawy H et al: Cervical spine osteolysis in a case of undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy with features mimicking neoplasm or infection. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 34(24):E901-5, 2009
- Guglielmi G et al: Imaging of the sacroiliac joint involvement in seronegative spondylarthropathies. Clin Rheumatol. 28(9):1007-19, 2009
- Landewé RB et al: Clinical assessment and outcome research in spondyloarthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 11(5):334-9, 2009
- Rudwaleit M et al: The development of Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part I): classification of paper patients by expert opinion including uncertainty appraisal. Ann Rheum Dis. 68(6):770-6, 2009
- Rudwaleit M et al: The development of Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part II): validation and final selection. Ann Rheum Dis. 68(6):777-83, 2009
- Vinson EN et al: MR imaging of ankylosing spondylitis. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 7(2):103-13, 2003
- Bollow M et al: Use of contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to detect spinal inflammation in patients with spondyloarthritides. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 20(6 Suppl 28):S167-74, 2002
- Hitchon PW et al: Fractures of the thoracolumbar spine complicating ankylosing spondylitis. J Neurosurg. 97(2 Suppl):218-22, 2002
- Queiro R et al: Clinically asymptomatic axial disease in psoriatic spondyloarthropathy. A retrospective study. Clin Rheumatol. 21(1):10-3, 2002
- Cunnane G: Amyloid precursors and amyloidosis in inflammatory arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 13(1):67-73, 2001
- Sampaio-Barros PD et al: Undifferentiated spondyloarthropathies: a 2-year follow-up study. Clin Rheumatol. 20(3):201-6, 2001
- Shih TT et al: Spinal fractures and pseudoarthrosis complicating ankylosing spondylitis: MRI manifestation and clinical significance. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 25(2):164-70, 2001
- Janssen H et al: MR imaging of arthritides of the cervical spine. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 8(3):491-512, 2000
- Luong AA et al: Imaging of the seronegative spondyloarthropathies. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2(4):288-96, 2000
- Mitra D et al: The prevalence of vertebral fractures in mild ankylosing spondylitis and their relationship to bone mineral density. Rheumatology (Oxford). 39(1):85-9, 2000
- Braun J et al: Radiologic diagnosis and pathology of the spondyloarthropathies. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 24(4):697-735, 1998
- Deesomchok U et al: Clinical comparison of patients with ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome and psoriatic arthritis. J Med Assoc Thai. 76(2):61-70, 1993
- Rosenkranz W: Ankylosing spondylitis: cauda equina syndrome with multiple spinal arachnoid cysts. Case report. J Neurosurg. 34(2 Pt 1):241-3, 1971
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Formerly called seronegative spondyloarthropathy, spondyloarthritis
- Axial spondyloarthritis
Definitions
- RF(-) inflammatory arthritis and enthesopathy affecting spine and sacroiliac joints (SIJs)
- Archetype is ankylosing spondylitis (AS)
- Enthesopathy: Inflammation at attachments of ligaments and tendons (entheses)
- Syndesmophyte: Paraspinous ligamentous or disc ossification bridging 2 adjacent vertebral bodies
- RF(-) inflammatory arthritis and enthesopathy affecting spine and sacroiliac joints (SIJs)
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Carvalho PD et al: How to investigate: early axial spondyloarthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 33(4):101427, 2019
- Taurog JD et al: Ankylosing spondylitis and axial spondyloarthritis. N Engl J Med. 374(26):2563-74, 2016
- Navallas M et al: Sacroiliitis associated with axial spondyloarthropathy: new concepts and latest trends. Radiographics. 33(4):933-56, 2013
- El Zahlawy H et al: Cervical spine osteolysis in a case of undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy with features mimicking neoplasm or infection. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 34(24):E901-5, 2009
- Guglielmi G et al: Imaging of the sacroiliac joint involvement in seronegative spondylarthropathies. Clin Rheumatol. 28(9):1007-19, 2009
- Landewé RB et al: Clinical assessment and outcome research in spondyloarthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 11(5):334-9, 2009
- Rudwaleit M et al: The development of Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part I): classification of paper patients by expert opinion including uncertainty appraisal. Ann Rheum Dis. 68(6):770-6, 2009
- Rudwaleit M et al: The development of Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part II): validation and final selection. Ann Rheum Dis. 68(6):777-83, 2009
- Vinson EN et al: MR imaging of ankylosing spondylitis. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 7(2):103-13, 2003
- Bollow M et al: Use of contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to detect spinal inflammation in patients with spondyloarthritides. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 20(6 Suppl 28):S167-74, 2002
- Hitchon PW et al: Fractures of the thoracolumbar spine complicating ankylosing spondylitis. J Neurosurg. 97(2 Suppl):218-22, 2002
- Queiro R et al: Clinically asymptomatic axial disease in psoriatic spondyloarthropathy. A retrospective study. Clin Rheumatol. 21(1):10-3, 2002
- Cunnane G: Amyloid precursors and amyloidosis in inflammatory arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 13(1):67-73, 2001
- Sampaio-Barros PD et al: Undifferentiated spondyloarthropathies: a 2-year follow-up study. Clin Rheumatol. 20(3):201-6, 2001
- Shih TT et al: Spinal fractures and pseudoarthrosis complicating ankylosing spondylitis: MRI manifestation and clinical significance. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 25(2):164-70, 2001
- Janssen H et al: MR imaging of arthritides of the cervical spine. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 8(3):491-512, 2000
- Luong AA et al: Imaging of the seronegative spondyloarthropathies. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2(4):288-96, 2000
- Mitra D et al: The prevalence of vertebral fractures in mild ankylosing spondylitis and their relationship to bone mineral density. Rheumatology (Oxford). 39(1):85-9, 2000
- Braun J et al: Radiologic diagnosis and pathology of the spondyloarthropathies. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 24(4):697-735, 1998
- Deesomchok U et al: Clinical comparison of patients with ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome and psoriatic arthritis. J Med Assoc Thai. 76(2):61-70, 1993
- Rosenkranz W: Ankylosing spondylitis: cauda equina syndrome with multiple spinal arachnoid cysts. Case report. J Neurosurg. 34(2 Pt 1):241-3, 1971
