Selhorst M et al: Prevalence of spondylolysis in symptomatic adolescent athletes: an assessment of sport risk in nonelite athletes. Clin J Sport Med. 29(5):421-5, 2019
Lawrence KJ et al: Lumbar spondylolysis in the adolescent athlete. Phys Ther Sport. 20:56-60, 2016
Borg B et al: Pedicle marrow signal hyperintensity on short tau inversion recovery- and T2-weighted images: prevalence and relationship to clinical symptoms. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 32(9):1624-31, 2011
Lee JY et al: Surgeons agree to disagree on surgical options for degenerative conditions of the cervical and lumbar spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 36(3):E203-12, 2011
Leone A et al: Lumbar spondylolysis: a review. Skeletal Radiol. 40(6):683-700, 2010
Lastfogel JF et al: Sacral fractures following stand-alone L5-S1 anterior lumbar interbody fusion for isthmic spondylolisthesis. J Neurosurg Spine. 13(2):288-93, 2010
Baek OK et al: Extraforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for the treatment of isthmic spondylolisthesis. J Spinal Disord Tech. 22(3):219-27, 2009
Sakai T et al: Significance of magnetic resonance imaging signal change in the pedicle in the management of pediatric lumbar spondylolysis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 35(14):E641-5, 2010
Ekman P et al: Predictive factors for the outcome of fusion in adult isthmic spondylolisthesis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 34(11):1204-10, 2009
Don AS et al: Facet joint orientation in spondylolysis and isthmic spondylolisthesis. J Spinal Disord Tech. 21(2):112-5, 2008
Park P et al: Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion with reduction of spondylolisthesis: technique and outcomes after a minimum of 2 years' follow-up. Neurosurg Focus. 25(2):E16, 2008
McTimoney CA et al: Current evaluation and management of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2(1):41-6, 2003
Merbs CF: Asymmetrical spondylolysis. Am J Phys Anthropol. 119(2):156-74, 2002
Logroscino G et al: Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in the pediatric and adolescent population. Childs Nerv Syst. 17(11):644-55, 2001
Standaert CJ et al: Spondylolysis. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 11(4):785-803, 2000
Saifuddin A et al: The value of lumbar spine MRI in the assessment of the pars interarticularis. Clin Radiol. 52(9):666-71, 1997
Ulmer JL et al: MR imaging of lumbar spondylolysis: the importance of ancillary observations. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 169(1):233-9, 1997
Ohmori K et al: Vertebral slip in lumbar spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. Long-term follow-up of 22 adult patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 77(5):771-3, 1995
Ulmer JL et al: Distinction between degenerative and isthmic spondylolisthesis on sagittal MR images: importance of increased anteroposterior diameter of the spinal canal ("wide canal sign"). AJR Am J Roentgenol. 163(2):411-6, 1994
Jinkins JR et al: Spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis, and associated nerve root entrapment in the lumbosacral spine: MR evaluation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 159(4):799-803, 1992
Reynolds R: Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis. Seminars in Spine Surgery. 4:235-47, 1992
Danielson BI et al: Radiologic progression of isthmic lumbar spondylolisthesis in young patients. Spine. 16(4):422-5, 1991
Frennered AK et al: Natural history of symptomatic isthmic low-grade spondylolisthesis in children and adolescents: a seven-year follow-up study. J Pediatr Orthop. 11(2):209-13, 1991
Rossi F et al: Lumbar spondylolysis: occurrence in competitive athletes. Updated achievements in a series of 390 cases. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 30(4):450-2, 1990
Johnson DW et al: MR imaging of the pars interarticularis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 152(2):327-32, 1989
Rossi F: Spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis and sports. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 18(4):317-40, 1978
Wiltse LL et al: Classification of spondylolisis and spondylolisthesis. Clin Orthop. (117):23-9, 1976
Wiltse LL: Spondylolisthesis. West J Med. 122(2):152-3, 1975
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
Isthmic spondylolysis (IS)
Definitions
Unilateral or bilateral defects in pars interarticularis (PI) thought to result from repetitive stress injury
Selhorst M et al: Prevalence of spondylolysis in symptomatic adolescent athletes: an assessment of sport risk in nonelite athletes. Clin J Sport Med. 29(5):421-5, 2019
Lawrence KJ et al: Lumbar spondylolysis in the adolescent athlete. Phys Ther Sport. 20:56-60, 2016
Borg B et al: Pedicle marrow signal hyperintensity on short tau inversion recovery- and T2-weighted images: prevalence and relationship to clinical symptoms. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 32(9):1624-31, 2011
Lee JY et al: Surgeons agree to disagree on surgical options for degenerative conditions of the cervical and lumbar spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 36(3):E203-12, 2011
Leone A et al: Lumbar spondylolysis: a review. Skeletal Radiol. 40(6):683-700, 2010
Lastfogel JF et al: Sacral fractures following stand-alone L5-S1 anterior lumbar interbody fusion for isthmic spondylolisthesis. J Neurosurg Spine. 13(2):288-93, 2010
Baek OK et al: Extraforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for the treatment of isthmic spondylolisthesis. J Spinal Disord Tech. 22(3):219-27, 2009
Sakai T et al: Significance of magnetic resonance imaging signal change in the pedicle in the management of pediatric lumbar spondylolysis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 35(14):E641-5, 2010
Ekman P et al: Predictive factors for the outcome of fusion in adult isthmic spondylolisthesis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 34(11):1204-10, 2009
Don AS et al: Facet joint orientation in spondylolysis and isthmic spondylolisthesis. J Spinal Disord Tech. 21(2):112-5, 2008
Park P et al: Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion with reduction of spondylolisthesis: technique and outcomes after a minimum of 2 years' follow-up. Neurosurg Focus. 25(2):E16, 2008
McTimoney CA et al: Current evaluation and management of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2(1):41-6, 2003
Merbs CF: Asymmetrical spondylolysis. Am J Phys Anthropol. 119(2):156-74, 2002
Logroscino G et al: Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in the pediatric and adolescent population. Childs Nerv Syst. 17(11):644-55, 2001
Standaert CJ et al: Spondylolysis. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 11(4):785-803, 2000
Saifuddin A et al: The value of lumbar spine MRI in the assessment of the pars interarticularis. Clin Radiol. 52(9):666-71, 1997
Ulmer JL et al: MR imaging of lumbar spondylolysis: the importance of ancillary observations. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 169(1):233-9, 1997
Ohmori K et al: Vertebral slip in lumbar spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. Long-term follow-up of 22 adult patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 77(5):771-3, 1995
Ulmer JL et al: Distinction between degenerative and isthmic spondylolisthesis on sagittal MR images: importance of increased anteroposterior diameter of the spinal canal ("wide canal sign"). AJR Am J Roentgenol. 163(2):411-6, 1994
Jinkins JR et al: Spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis, and associated nerve root entrapment in the lumbosacral spine: MR evaluation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 159(4):799-803, 1992
Reynolds R: Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis. Seminars in Spine Surgery. 4:235-47, 1992
Danielson BI et al: Radiologic progression of isthmic lumbar spondylolisthesis in young patients. Spine. 16(4):422-5, 1991
Frennered AK et al: Natural history of symptomatic isthmic low-grade spondylolisthesis in children and adolescents: a seven-year follow-up study. J Pediatr Orthop. 11(2):209-13, 1991
Rossi F et al: Lumbar spondylolysis: occurrence in competitive athletes. Updated achievements in a series of 390 cases. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 30(4):450-2, 1990
Johnson DW et al: MR imaging of the pars interarticularis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 152(2):327-32, 1989
Rossi F: Spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis and sports. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 18(4):317-40, 1978
Wiltse LL et al: Classification of spondylolisis and spondylolisthesis. Clin Orthop. (117):23-9, 1976
Wiltse LL: Spondylolisthesis. West J Med. 122(2):152-3, 1975
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