Nonvascular stent: Catheter-mounted artificial conduit; placed in diseased biliary, enteral, tracheobronchial, or urinary structures for various indications
Resists luminal narrowing/occlusion caused by extrinsic compression, scarring, malignancy
Enhances integrity of luminal wall, promoting closure of fistula/leak
Self-expanding stent: Sheathed in retractable delivery system; spontaneously expands after sheath retraction
Used for many nonvascular stent applications
Stent is constrained/collapsed on delivery device
Radial force anchors stent as it expands
Most deploy distally to proximally
Self-expanding metallic stent (SEMS): Composed of various materials
Elgiloy
Cobalt, nickel, and chromium alloy
High radial force
Nitinol
Nickel and titanium alloy
Increased flexibility; helpful in angulated regions
Lower radial force compared to other stents
Stainless steel
MR compatibility
Most nitinol/Elgiloy stents may be imaged
Check manufacturer datasheet
Self-expanding plastic stent (SEPS)
Much less commonly used than SEMS
Used in some tracheobronchial and esophageal applications
Larger delivery system
May be placed at endoscopy/bronchoscopy
e.g., Polyflex (Boston Scientific)
Removable covered stent
Polyester and silicone construction
Balloon-mounted stent: Externally mounted on angioplasty balloon
Balloon inflation required to deploy stent
May be used in tracheobronchial applications
Covered stent: Fabric integrated into inner/outer aspect of metal stent to form impermeable barrier
Most common fabrics: Silicone, polyurethane, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene
Huang YY et al: A stent with radioactive seed strand insertion for inoperable malignant biliary obstruction: a meta-analysis. Brachytherapy. 20(3):638-44, 2021
Meng QK et al: Radioactive and normal stent insertion for the treatment of malignant airway stenosis: a meta-analysis. Brachytherapy. 20(4):883-91, 2021
Yang ZM et al: Radioactive stent for malignant esophageal obstruction: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 31(7):783-9, 2021
Arafat M et al: Drug-eluting non-vascular stents for localised drug targeting in obstructive gastrointestinal cancers. J Control Release. 308:209-31, 2019
Nam HS et al: Current status of biliary metal stents. Clin Endosc. 49(2):124-30, 2016
Fiuk J et al: The use of internal stents in chronic ureteral obstruction. J Urol. 193(4):1092-100, 2015
Kaplan J et al: Enteral stents for the management of malignant colorectal obstruction. World J Gastroenterol. 20(37):13239-45, 2014
Dumonceau JM et al: Biliary stents: models and methods for endoscopic stenting. Endoscopy. 43(7):617-26, 2011
Katsanos K et al: Stenting of the lower gastrointestinal tract: current status. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 34(3):462-73, 2011
Katsanos K et al: Stenting of the upper gastrointestinal tract: current status. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 33(4):690-705, 2010
Adamo R et al: Management of nephrostomy drains and ureteral stents. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 12(3):193-204, 2009
Adamo R et al: Percutaneous ureteral interventions. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 12(3):205-15, 2009
van Delden OM et al: Percutaneous drainage and stenting for palliation of malignant bile duct obstruction. Eur Radiol. 18(3):448-56, 2008
Therasse E et al: Balloon dilation and stent placement for esophageal lesions: indications, methods, and results. Radiographics. 23(1):89-105, 2003
Dyer RB et al: Percutaneous nephrostomy with extensions of the technique: step by step. Radiographics. 22(3):503-25, 2002
Morgan RA et al: Malignant biliary disease: percutaneous interventions. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 4(3):147-52, 2001
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Preprocedure
Procedure
Post Procedure
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
Endoprosthesis
Definitions
Nonvascular stent: Catheter-mounted artificial conduit; placed in diseased biliary, enteral, tracheobronchial, or urinary structures for various indications
Resists luminal narrowing/occlusion caused by extrinsic compression, scarring, malignancy
Enhances integrity of luminal wall, promoting closure of fistula/leak
Self-expanding stent: Sheathed in retractable delivery system; spontaneously expands after sheath retraction
Used for many nonvascular stent applications
Stent is constrained/collapsed on delivery device
Radial force anchors stent as it expands
Most deploy distally to proximally
Self-expanding metallic stent (SEMS): Composed of various materials
Elgiloy
Cobalt, nickel, and chromium alloy
High radial force
Nitinol
Nickel and titanium alloy
Increased flexibility; helpful in angulated regions
Lower radial force compared to other stents
Stainless steel
MR compatibility
Most nitinol/Elgiloy stents may be imaged
Check manufacturer datasheet
Self-expanding plastic stent (SEPS)
Much less commonly used than SEMS
Used in some tracheobronchial and esophageal applications
Larger delivery system
May be placed at endoscopy/bronchoscopy
e.g., Polyflex (Boston Scientific)
Removable covered stent
Polyester and silicone construction
Balloon-mounted stent: Externally mounted on angioplasty balloon
Balloon inflation required to deploy stent
May be used in tracheobronchial applications
Covered stent: Fabric integrated into inner/outer aspect of metal stent to form impermeable barrier
Most common fabrics: Silicone, polyurethane, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene
Huang YY et al: A stent with radioactive seed strand insertion for inoperable malignant biliary obstruction: a meta-analysis. Brachytherapy. 20(3):638-44, 2021
Meng QK et al: Radioactive and normal stent insertion for the treatment of malignant airway stenosis: a meta-analysis. Brachytherapy. 20(4):883-91, 2021
Yang ZM et al: Radioactive stent for malignant esophageal obstruction: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 31(7):783-9, 2021
Arafat M et al: Drug-eluting non-vascular stents for localised drug targeting in obstructive gastrointestinal cancers. J Control Release. 308:209-31, 2019
Nam HS et al: Current status of biliary metal stents. Clin Endosc. 49(2):124-30, 2016
Fiuk J et al: The use of internal stents in chronic ureteral obstruction. J Urol. 193(4):1092-100, 2015
Kaplan J et al: Enteral stents for the management of malignant colorectal obstruction. World J Gastroenterol. 20(37):13239-45, 2014