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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Subacute combined degeneration (SCD)
Synonyms
- Combined system disease
Definitions
- Vitamin B12 deficiency produces selective degeneration of dorsal ± lateral spinal cord columns
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Other Modality Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Nouri A et al: The role of vitamin B12 in the management and optimization of treatment in patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy. Global Spine J. 9(3):331-7, 2019
- Cao J et al: Subacute combined degeneration: a retrospective study of 68 cases with short-term follow-up. Eur Neurol. 79(5-6):247-55, 2018
- Patel KK et al: Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord following nitrous oxide anesthesia: a systematic review of cases. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 173:163-8, 2018
- Coimbra CMF et al: Magnetic resonance findings in subacute combined degeneration. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 75(7):488, 2017
- Schwendimann RN: Metabolic, nutritional, and toxic myelopathies. Neurol Clin. 31(1):207-18, 2013
- Kumar N: Metabolic and toxic myelopathies. Semin Neurol. 32(2):123-36, 2012
- Lim CC: Neuroimaging in postinfectious demyelination and nutritional disorders of the central nervous system. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 21(4):843-58, viii, 2011
- Jaiser SR et al: Copper deficiency myelopathy. J Neurol. 257(6):869-81, 2010
- de Lau LM et al: Plasma vitamin B12 status and cerebral white-matter lesions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 80(2):149-57, 2009
- Puntambekar P et al: Rare sensory and autonomic disturbances associated with vitamin B12 deficiency. J Neurol Sci. 287(1-2):285-7, 2009
- Tan IY et al: Hypocupremia: an under recognized cause of subacute combined degeneration. Can J Neurol Sci. 36(6):779-82, 2009
- Misra UK et al: Bladder dysfunction in subacute combined degeneration: a clinical, MRI and urodynamic study. J Neurol. 255(12):1881-8, 2008
- Senol MG et al: Reversible myelopathy with vitamin B12 deficiency. Singapore Med J. 49(11):e330-2, 2008
- Goodman BP et al: Copper deficiency myeloneuropathy resembling B12 deficiency: partial resolution of MR imaging findings with copper supplementation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 27(10):2112-4, 2006
- Teplitsky V et al: Hereditary partial transcobalamin II deficiency with neurologic, mental and hematologic abnormalities in children and adults. Isr Med Assoc J. 5(12):868-72, 2003
- Ilniczky S et al: MR findings in subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord caused by nitrous oxide anaesthesia--two cases. Eur J Neurol. 9(1):101-4, 2002
- Srikanth SG et al: MRI in subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord: a case report and review of literature. Neurol India. 50(3):310-2, 2002
- Ravina B et al: MR findings in subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord: a case of reversible cervical myelopathy. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 174(3):863-5, 2000
- Locatelli ER et al: MRI in vitamin B12 deficiency myelopathy. Can J Neurol Sci. 26(1):60-3, 1999
- Beltramello A et al: Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord after nitrous oxide anaesthesia: role of magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 64(4):563-4, 1998
- Hemmer B et al: Subacute combined degeneration: clinical, electrophysiological, and magnetic resonance imaging findings. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 65(6):822-7, 1998
- Katsaros VK et al: MRI of spinal cord and brain lesions in subacute combined degeneration. Neuroradiology. 40(11):716-9, 1998
- Pema PJ et al: Myelopathy caused by nitrous oxide toxicity. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 19(5):894-6, 1998
- Yamada K et al: A case of subacute combined degeneration: MRI findings. Neuroradiology. 40(6):398-400, 1998
- Larner AJ et al: MRI appearances in subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord due to vitamin B12 deficiency. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 62(1):99-100, 1997
- Weir DG et al: The biochemical basis of the neuropathy in cobalamin deficiency. Baillieres Clin Haematol. 8(3):479-97, 1995
- Murata S et al: MRI in subacute combined degeneration. Neuroradiology. 36(5):408-9, 1994
- Timms SR et al: Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord: MR findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 14(5):1224-7, 1993
- Tracey JP et al: Magnetic resonance imaging in cobalamin deficiency. Lancet. 339(8802):1172-3, 1992
- Berger JR et al: Reversible myelopathy with pernicious anemia: clinical/MR correlation. Neurology. 41(6):947-8, 1991
- Healton EB et al: Neurologic aspects of cobalamin deficiency. Medicine (Baltimore). 70(4):229-45, 1991
- Petito CK et al: Vacuolar myelopathy pathologically resembling subacute combined degeneration in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 312(14):874-9, 1985
- Crampton RF et al: Effects of low cobalamin diet and chronic cyanide toxicity in baboons. Toxicology. 12(3):221-34, 1979
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Subacute combined degeneration (SCD)
Synonyms
- Combined system disease
Definitions
- Vitamin B12 deficiency produces selective degeneration of dorsal ± lateral spinal cord columns
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Other Modality Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Nouri A et al: The role of vitamin B12 in the management and optimization of treatment in patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy. Global Spine J. 9(3):331-7, 2019
- Cao J et al: Subacute combined degeneration: a retrospective study of 68 cases with short-term follow-up. Eur Neurol. 79(5-6):247-55, 2018
- Patel KK et al: Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord following nitrous oxide anesthesia: a systematic review of cases. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 173:163-8, 2018
- Coimbra CMF et al: Magnetic resonance findings in subacute combined degeneration. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 75(7):488, 2017
- Schwendimann RN: Metabolic, nutritional, and toxic myelopathies. Neurol Clin. 31(1):207-18, 2013
- Kumar N: Metabolic and toxic myelopathies. Semin Neurol. 32(2):123-36, 2012
- Lim CC: Neuroimaging in postinfectious demyelination and nutritional disorders of the central nervous system. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 21(4):843-58, viii, 2011
- Jaiser SR et al: Copper deficiency myelopathy. J Neurol. 257(6):869-81, 2010
- de Lau LM et al: Plasma vitamin B12 status and cerebral white-matter lesions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 80(2):149-57, 2009
- Puntambekar P et al: Rare sensory and autonomic disturbances associated with vitamin B12 deficiency. J Neurol Sci. 287(1-2):285-7, 2009
- Tan IY et al: Hypocupremia: an under recognized cause of subacute combined degeneration. Can J Neurol Sci. 36(6):779-82, 2009
- Misra UK et al: Bladder dysfunction in subacute combined degeneration: a clinical, MRI and urodynamic study. J Neurol. 255(12):1881-8, 2008
- Senol MG et al: Reversible myelopathy with vitamin B12 deficiency. Singapore Med J. 49(11):e330-2, 2008
- Goodman BP et al: Copper deficiency myeloneuropathy resembling B12 deficiency: partial resolution of MR imaging findings with copper supplementation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 27(10):2112-4, 2006
- Teplitsky V et al: Hereditary partial transcobalamin II deficiency with neurologic, mental and hematologic abnormalities in children and adults. Isr Med Assoc J. 5(12):868-72, 2003
- Ilniczky S et al: MR findings in subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord caused by nitrous oxide anaesthesia--two cases. Eur J Neurol. 9(1):101-4, 2002
- Srikanth SG et al: MRI in subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord: a case report and review of literature. Neurol India. 50(3):310-2, 2002
- Ravina B et al: MR findings in subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord: a case of reversible cervical myelopathy. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 174(3):863-5, 2000
- Locatelli ER et al: MRI in vitamin B12 deficiency myelopathy. Can J Neurol Sci. 26(1):60-3, 1999
- Beltramello A et al: Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord after nitrous oxide anaesthesia: role of magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 64(4):563-4, 1998
- Hemmer B et al: Subacute combined degeneration: clinical, electrophysiological, and magnetic resonance imaging findings. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 65(6):822-7, 1998
- Katsaros VK et al: MRI of spinal cord and brain lesions in subacute combined degeneration. Neuroradiology. 40(11):716-9, 1998
- Pema PJ et al: Myelopathy caused by nitrous oxide toxicity. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 19(5):894-6, 1998
- Yamada K et al: A case of subacute combined degeneration: MRI findings. Neuroradiology. 40(6):398-400, 1998
- Larner AJ et al: MRI appearances in subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord due to vitamin B12 deficiency. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 62(1):99-100, 1997
- Weir DG et al: The biochemical basis of the neuropathy in cobalamin deficiency. Baillieres Clin Haematol. 8(3):479-97, 1995
- Murata S et al: MRI in subacute combined degeneration. Neuroradiology. 36(5):408-9, 1994
- Timms SR et al: Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord: MR findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 14(5):1224-7, 1993
- Tracey JP et al: Magnetic resonance imaging in cobalamin deficiency. Lancet. 339(8802):1172-3, 1992
- Berger JR et al: Reversible myelopathy with pernicious anemia: clinical/MR correlation. Neurology. 41(6):947-8, 1991
- Healton EB et al: Neurologic aspects of cobalamin deficiency. Medicine (Baltimore). 70(4):229-45, 1991
- Petito CK et al: Vacuolar myelopathy pathologically resembling subacute combined degeneration in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 312(14):874-9, 1985
- Crampton RF et al: Effects of low cobalamin diet and chronic cyanide toxicity in baboons. Toxicology. 12(3):221-34, 1979
