Recurrent subarachnoid hemorrhage (multiple etiologies) causing hemosiderin deposition on cord and nerve surface
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Charidimou A et al: APOE and cortical superficial siderosis in CAA: meta-analysis and potential mechanisms. Neurology. 93(4):e358-71, 2019
Wollenweber FA et al: Prognostic relevance of cortical superficial siderosis in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neurology. 92(8):e792-801, 2019
Takai K et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system associated with intraspinal hemorrhage from ventral thoracic epidural veins and a ventral spinal CSF leak: case report. J Neurosurg Spine. 26(6):751-3, 2017
Wilson D et al: Infratentorial superficial siderosis: classification, diagnostic criteria, and rational investigation pathway. Ann Neurol. 81(3):333-43, 2017
Pikis S et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system secondary to spinal ependymoma. J Clin Neurosci. 21(11):2017-9, 2014
De Reuck J et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: a post-mortem 7.0-tesla magnetic resonance imaging study with neuropathological correlates. Cerebrovasc Dis. 36(5-6):412-7, 2013
Kumar N: Neuroimaging in superficial siderosis: an in-depth look. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 31(1):5-14, 2010
Messori A et al: The importance of suspecting superficial siderosis of the central nervous system in clinical practice. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 75(2):188-90, 2004
Anderson NE: Late complications in childhood central nervous system tumour survivors. Curr Opin Neurol. 16(6):677-83, 2003
Yoshida S et al: Superficial siderosis from spinal teratoma. Lancet. 360(9345):1539, 2002
Polidori MC et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: a 70-year-old man with ataxia, depression and visual deficits. Gerontology. 47(2):93-5, 2001
Bostantjopoulou S et al: Superficial CNS siderosis and spinal pilocytic astrocytoma. Neurology. 55(3):450, 2000
Padberg M et al: Cerebral siderosis: deafness by a spinal tumor. J Neurol. 247(6):473, 2000
Manfredi M et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system and anticoagulant therapy: a case report. Ital J Neurol Sci. 20(4):247-9, 1999
Pelak VS et al: Evidence for preganglionic pupillary involvement in superficial siderosis. Neurology. 53(5):1130-2, 1999
Lemmerling M et al: Secondary superficial siderosis of the central nervous system in a patient presenting with sensorineural hearing loss. Neuroradiology. 40(5):312-4, 1998
Schievink WI et al: Surgical treatment of superficial siderosis associated with a spinal arteriovenous malformation. Case report. J Neurosurg. 89(6):1029-31, 1998
Lai MT et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: a case with an unruptured intracranial aneurysm. J Laryngol Otol. 109(6):549-52, 1995
Pyhtinen J et al: Superficial siderosis in the central nervous system. Neuroradiology. 37(2):127-8, 1995
Bonito V et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system after brachial plexus injury. Case report. J Neurosurg. 80(5):931-4, 1994
Pribitkin EA et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: an underdiagnosed cause of sensorineural hearing loss and ataxia. Am J Otol. 15(3):415-8, 1994
River Y et al: Superficial hemosiderosis of the central nervous system. Mov Disord. 9(5):559-62, 1994
Bracchi M et al: Superficial siderosis of the CNS: MR diagnosis and clinical findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 14(1):227-36, 1993
Grunshaw ND et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system--diagnosis by magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Radiol. 48(3):186-8, 1993
Kumar A et al: Posterior fossa surgery: an unusual cause of superficial siderosis. Neurosurgery. 32(3):455-7; discussion 457, 1993
Parnes SM et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: a neglected cause of sensorineural hearing loss. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 107(1):69-77, 1992
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Superficial siderosis (SS)
Synonyms
CNS siderosis, hemosiderosis
Definitions
Recurrent subarachnoid hemorrhage (multiple etiologies) causing hemosiderin deposition on cord and nerve surface
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Charidimou A et al: APOE and cortical superficial siderosis in CAA: meta-analysis and potential mechanisms. Neurology. 93(4):e358-71, 2019
Wollenweber FA et al: Prognostic relevance of cortical superficial siderosis in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neurology. 92(8):e792-801, 2019
Takai K et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system associated with intraspinal hemorrhage from ventral thoracic epidural veins and a ventral spinal CSF leak: case report. J Neurosurg Spine. 26(6):751-3, 2017
Wilson D et al: Infratentorial superficial siderosis: classification, diagnostic criteria, and rational investigation pathway. Ann Neurol. 81(3):333-43, 2017
Pikis S et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system secondary to spinal ependymoma. J Clin Neurosci. 21(11):2017-9, 2014
De Reuck J et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: a post-mortem 7.0-tesla magnetic resonance imaging study with neuropathological correlates. Cerebrovasc Dis. 36(5-6):412-7, 2013
Kumar N: Neuroimaging in superficial siderosis: an in-depth look. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 31(1):5-14, 2010
Messori A et al: The importance of suspecting superficial siderosis of the central nervous system in clinical practice. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 75(2):188-90, 2004
Anderson NE: Late complications in childhood central nervous system tumour survivors. Curr Opin Neurol. 16(6):677-83, 2003
Yoshida S et al: Superficial siderosis from spinal teratoma. Lancet. 360(9345):1539, 2002
Polidori MC et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: a 70-year-old man with ataxia, depression and visual deficits. Gerontology. 47(2):93-5, 2001
Bostantjopoulou S et al: Superficial CNS siderosis and spinal pilocytic astrocytoma. Neurology. 55(3):450, 2000
Padberg M et al: Cerebral siderosis: deafness by a spinal tumor. J Neurol. 247(6):473, 2000
Manfredi M et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system and anticoagulant therapy: a case report. Ital J Neurol Sci. 20(4):247-9, 1999
Pelak VS et al: Evidence for preganglionic pupillary involvement in superficial siderosis. Neurology. 53(5):1130-2, 1999
Lemmerling M et al: Secondary superficial siderosis of the central nervous system in a patient presenting with sensorineural hearing loss. Neuroradiology. 40(5):312-4, 1998
Schievink WI et al: Surgical treatment of superficial siderosis associated with a spinal arteriovenous malformation. Case report. J Neurosurg. 89(6):1029-31, 1998
Lai MT et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: a case with an unruptured intracranial aneurysm. J Laryngol Otol. 109(6):549-52, 1995
Pyhtinen J et al: Superficial siderosis in the central nervous system. Neuroradiology. 37(2):127-8, 1995
Bonito V et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system after brachial plexus injury. Case report. J Neurosurg. 80(5):931-4, 1994
Pribitkin EA et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: an underdiagnosed cause of sensorineural hearing loss and ataxia. Am J Otol. 15(3):415-8, 1994
River Y et al: Superficial hemosiderosis of the central nervous system. Mov Disord. 9(5):559-62, 1994
Bracchi M et al: Superficial siderosis of the CNS: MR diagnosis and clinical findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 14(1):227-36, 1993
Grunshaw ND et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system--diagnosis by magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Radiol. 48(3):186-8, 1993
Kumar A et al: Posterior fossa surgery: an unusual cause of superficial siderosis. Neurosurgery. 32(3):455-7; discussion 457, 1993
Parnes SM et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: a neglected cause of sensorineural hearing loss. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 107(1):69-77, 1992
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