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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Superficial siderosis (SS)
Synonyms
- CNS siderosis, hemosiderosis
Definitions
- Recurrent subarachnoid hemorrhage (multiple etiologies) causing hemosiderin deposition on cord and nerve surface
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
- Charidimou A et al: APOE and cortical superficial siderosis in CAA: meta-analysis and potential mechanisms. Neurology. 93(4):e358-71, 2019
- Wollenweber FA et al: Prognostic relevance of cortical superficial siderosis in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neurology. 92(8):e792-801, 2019
- Takai K et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system associated with intraspinal hemorrhage from ventral thoracic epidural veins and a ventral spinal CSF leak: case report. J Neurosurg Spine. 26(6):751-3, 2017
- Wilson D et al: Infratentorial superficial siderosis: classification, diagnostic criteria, and rational investigation pathway. Ann Neurol. 81(3):333-43, 2017
- Pikis S et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system secondary to spinal ependymoma. J Clin Neurosci. 21(11):2017-9, 2014
- De Reuck J et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: a post-mortem 7.0-tesla magnetic resonance imaging study with neuropathological correlates. Cerebrovasc Dis. 36(5-6):412-7, 2013
- Kumar N: Neuroimaging in superficial siderosis: an in-depth look. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 31(1):5-14, 2010
- Messori A et al: The importance of suspecting superficial siderosis of the central nervous system in clinical practice. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 75(2):188-90, 2004
- Anderson NE: Late complications in childhood central nervous system tumour survivors. Curr Opin Neurol. 16(6):677-83, 2003
- Yoshida S et al: Superficial siderosis from spinal teratoma. Lancet. 360(9345):1539, 2002
- Polidori MC et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: a 70-year-old man with ataxia, depression and visual deficits. Gerontology. 47(2):93-5, 2001
- Bostantjopoulou S et al: Superficial CNS siderosis and spinal pilocytic astrocytoma. Neurology. 55(3):450, 2000
- Padberg M et al: Cerebral siderosis: deafness by a spinal tumor. J Neurol. 247(6):473, 2000
- Manfredi M et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system and anticoagulant therapy: a case report. Ital J Neurol Sci. 20(4):247-9, 1999
- Pelak VS et al: Evidence for preganglionic pupillary involvement in superficial siderosis. Neurology. 53(5):1130-2, 1999
- Lemmerling M et al: Secondary superficial siderosis of the central nervous system in a patient presenting with sensorineural hearing loss. Neuroradiology. 40(5):312-4, 1998
- Schievink WI et al: Surgical treatment of superficial siderosis associated with a spinal arteriovenous malformation. Case report. J Neurosurg. 89(6):1029-31, 1998
- Lai MT et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: a case with an unruptured intracranial aneurysm. J Laryngol Otol. 109(6):549-52, 1995
- Pyhtinen J et al: Superficial siderosis in the central nervous system. Neuroradiology. 37(2):127-8, 1995
- Bonito V et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system after brachial plexus injury. Case report. J Neurosurg. 80(5):931-4, 1994
- Pribitkin EA et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: an underdiagnosed cause of sensorineural hearing loss and ataxia. Am J Otol. 15(3):415-8, 1994
- River Y et al: Superficial hemosiderosis of the central nervous system. Mov Disord. 9(5):559-62, 1994
- Bracchi M et al: Superficial siderosis of the CNS: MR diagnosis and clinical findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 14(1):227-36, 1993
- Grunshaw ND et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system--diagnosis by magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Radiol. 48(3):186-8, 1993
- Kumar A et al: Posterior fossa surgery: an unusual cause of superficial siderosis. Neurosurgery. 32(3):455-7; discussion 457, 1993
- Parnes SM et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: a neglected cause of sensorineural hearing loss. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 107(1):69-77, 1992
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Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Superficial siderosis (SS)
Synonyms
- CNS siderosis, hemosiderosis
Definitions
- Recurrent subarachnoid hemorrhage (multiple etiologies) causing hemosiderin deposition on cord and nerve surface
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
- Charidimou A et al: APOE and cortical superficial siderosis in CAA: meta-analysis and potential mechanisms. Neurology. 93(4):e358-71, 2019
- Wollenweber FA et al: Prognostic relevance of cortical superficial siderosis in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neurology. 92(8):e792-801, 2019
- Takai K et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system associated with intraspinal hemorrhage from ventral thoracic epidural veins and a ventral spinal CSF leak: case report. J Neurosurg Spine. 26(6):751-3, 2017
- Wilson D et al: Infratentorial superficial siderosis: classification, diagnostic criteria, and rational investigation pathway. Ann Neurol. 81(3):333-43, 2017
- Pikis S et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system secondary to spinal ependymoma. J Clin Neurosci. 21(11):2017-9, 2014
- De Reuck J et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: a post-mortem 7.0-tesla magnetic resonance imaging study with neuropathological correlates. Cerebrovasc Dis. 36(5-6):412-7, 2013
- Kumar N: Neuroimaging in superficial siderosis: an in-depth look. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 31(1):5-14, 2010
- Messori A et al: The importance of suspecting superficial siderosis of the central nervous system in clinical practice. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 75(2):188-90, 2004
- Anderson NE: Late complications in childhood central nervous system tumour survivors. Curr Opin Neurol. 16(6):677-83, 2003
- Yoshida S et al: Superficial siderosis from spinal teratoma. Lancet. 360(9345):1539, 2002
- Polidori MC et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: a 70-year-old man with ataxia, depression and visual deficits. Gerontology. 47(2):93-5, 2001
- Bostantjopoulou S et al: Superficial CNS siderosis and spinal pilocytic astrocytoma. Neurology. 55(3):450, 2000
- Padberg M et al: Cerebral siderosis: deafness by a spinal tumor. J Neurol. 247(6):473, 2000
- Manfredi M et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system and anticoagulant therapy: a case report. Ital J Neurol Sci. 20(4):247-9, 1999
- Pelak VS et al: Evidence for preganglionic pupillary involvement in superficial siderosis. Neurology. 53(5):1130-2, 1999
- Lemmerling M et al: Secondary superficial siderosis of the central nervous system in a patient presenting with sensorineural hearing loss. Neuroradiology. 40(5):312-4, 1998
- Schievink WI et al: Surgical treatment of superficial siderosis associated with a spinal arteriovenous malformation. Case report. J Neurosurg. 89(6):1029-31, 1998
- Lai MT et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: a case with an unruptured intracranial aneurysm. J Laryngol Otol. 109(6):549-52, 1995
- Pyhtinen J et al: Superficial siderosis in the central nervous system. Neuroradiology. 37(2):127-8, 1995
- Bonito V et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system after brachial plexus injury. Case report. J Neurosurg. 80(5):931-4, 1994
- Pribitkin EA et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: an underdiagnosed cause of sensorineural hearing loss and ataxia. Am J Otol. 15(3):415-8, 1994
- River Y et al: Superficial hemosiderosis of the central nervous system. Mov Disord. 9(5):559-62, 1994
- Bracchi M et al: Superficial siderosis of the CNS: MR diagnosis and clinical findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 14(1):227-36, 1993
- Grunshaw ND et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system--diagnosis by magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Radiol. 48(3):186-8, 1993
- Kumar A et al: Posterior fossa surgery: an unusual cause of superficial siderosis. Neurosurgery. 32(3):455-7; discussion 457, 1993
- Parnes SM et al: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: a neglected cause of sensorineural hearing loss. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 107(1):69-77, 1992
