Obstruction of SVC due to intraluminal or extrinsic disease
Impaired venous return from head, neck, upper extremities, and trunk to right atrium
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Angiographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Seligson MT et al: Superior Vena Cava Syndrome 2020
Garrana SH et al: Multimodality imaging of focal and diffuse fibrosing mediastinitis. Radiographics. 39(3):651-67, 2019
Kalra M et al: Endovenous and operative treatment of superior vena cava syndrome. Surg Clin North Am. 98(2):321-35, 2018
Zimmerman S et al: Rapid fire: superior vena cava syndrome. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 36(3):577-84, 2018
Friedman T et al: Malignant venous obstruction: superior vena cava syndrome and beyond. Semin Intervent Radiol. 34(4):398-408, 2017
Sfyroeras GS et al: A review of open and endovascular treatment of superior vena cava syndrome of benign aetiology. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 53(2):238-54, 2017
Breault S et al: Percutaneous endovascular management of chronic superior vena cava syndrome of benign causes : long-term follow-up. Eur Radiol. 27(1):97-104, 2016
Sonavane SK et al: Comprehensive imaging review of the superior vena cava. Radiographics. 35(7):1873-92, 2015
Sheth S et al: Superior vena cava obstruction evaluation with MDCT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 194(4):W336-46, 2010
Yu JB et al: Superior vena cava syndrome--a proposed classification system and algorithm for management. J Thorac Oncol. 3(8):811-4, 2008
Wilson LD et al: Clinical practice. Superior vena cava syndrome with malignant causes. N Engl J Med. 356(18):1862-9, 2007
Eren S et al: The superior vena cava syndrome caused by malignant disease. Imaging with multi-detector row CT. Eur J Radiol. 59(1):93-103, 2006
Kalra M et al: Open surgical and endovascular treatment of superior vena cava syndrome caused by nonmalignant disease. J Vasc Surg. 38(2):215-23, 2003
Kim HJ et al: CT diagnosis of superior vena cava syndrome: importance of collateral vessels. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 161(3):539-42, 1993
Parish JM et al: Etiologic considerations in superior vena cava syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc. 56(7):407-13, 1981
Webb WR et al: Catheter venography in the superior vena cava syndrome. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 129(1):146-8, 1977
Related Anatomy
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References
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Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
Superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome
Definitions
Obstruction of SVC due to intraluminal or extrinsic disease
Impaired venous return from head, neck, upper extremities, and trunk to right atrium
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Angiographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Seligson MT et al: Superior Vena Cava Syndrome 2020
Garrana SH et al: Multimodality imaging of focal and diffuse fibrosing mediastinitis. Radiographics. 39(3):651-67, 2019
Kalra M et al: Endovenous and operative treatment of superior vena cava syndrome. Surg Clin North Am. 98(2):321-35, 2018
Zimmerman S et al: Rapid fire: superior vena cava syndrome. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 36(3):577-84, 2018
Friedman T et al: Malignant venous obstruction: superior vena cava syndrome and beyond. Semin Intervent Radiol. 34(4):398-408, 2017
Sfyroeras GS et al: A review of open and endovascular treatment of superior vena cava syndrome of benign aetiology. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 53(2):238-54, 2017
Breault S et al: Percutaneous endovascular management of chronic superior vena cava syndrome of benign causes : long-term follow-up. Eur Radiol. 27(1):97-104, 2016
Sonavane SK et al: Comprehensive imaging review of the superior vena cava. Radiographics. 35(7):1873-92, 2015
Sheth S et al: Superior vena cava obstruction evaluation with MDCT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 194(4):W336-46, 2010
Yu JB et al: Superior vena cava syndrome--a proposed classification system and algorithm for management. J Thorac Oncol. 3(8):811-4, 2008
Wilson LD et al: Clinical practice. Superior vena cava syndrome with malignant causes. N Engl J Med. 356(18):1862-9, 2007
Eren S et al: The superior vena cava syndrome caused by malignant disease. Imaging with multi-detector row CT. Eur J Radiol. 59(1):93-103, 2006
Kalra M et al: Open surgical and endovascular treatment of superior vena cava syndrome caused by nonmalignant disease. J Vasc Surg. 38(2):215-23, 2003
Kim HJ et al: CT diagnosis of superior vena cava syndrome: importance of collateral vessels. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 161(3):539-42, 1993
Parish JM et al: Etiologic considerations in superior vena cava syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc. 56(7):407-13, 1981
Webb WR et al: Catheter venography in the superior vena cava syndrome. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 129(1):146-8, 1977
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