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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Surfactant deficiency disease (SDD)
Synonyms
- Lung disease of prematurity
- Respiratory distress syndrome
- Hyaline membrane disease (archaic)
Definitions
- Prematurity-related SDD (most common usage)
- Surfactant deficiency in premature newborns
- Lungs begin producing surfactant at ~ 24-weeks gestational age (GA); adequate amounts are usually present by 36-weeks GA
- Lack of sufficient surfactant causes diffuse microatelectasis & abnormal pulmonary compliance
- Secondary SDD (less common usage)
- Meconium aspiration or pneumonia can cause surfactant deactivation
- Results are similar to those seen in prematurity, but usually heterogeneous & superimposed on other findings
- Primary SDD (least common usage)
- Abnormal gene products adversely affect composition &/or function of surfactant
- Often termed surfactant dysfunction disorders
- Most well-known causes: Surfactant protein-B, surfactant protein-C, ABCA3, & TTF-1 deficiencies
- Synergistically ↓ outcome with prematurity & 1° SDD
- Prematurity-related SDD (most common usage)
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
CT Findings
Other Modality Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Selected References
- Ma H et al: Diagnostic value of lung ultrasound for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Med Ultrason. 22(3):325-33, 2020
- Magnani JE et al: Persistent respiratory distress in the term neonate: genetic surfactant deficiency diseases. Curr Pediatr Rev. 16(1):17-25, 2020
- Wu J et al: Lung ultrasound for the diagnosis of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: a meta-analysis. Ultrasound Q. 36(2):102-10, 2020
- Corsini I et al: Lung ultrasound for the differential diagnosis of respiratory distress in neonates. Neonatology. 115(1):77-84, 2019
- Grimaldi C et al: Thoracic ultrasound accuracy for the investigation of initial neonatal respiratory distress. Arch Pediatr. 26(8):459-65, 2019
- Somaschini M et al: Surfactant proteins gene variants in premature newborn infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome. J Perinatol. 38(4):337-44, 2018
- Chen SW et al: Routine application of lung ultrasonography in the neonatal intensive care unit. Medicine (Baltimore). 96(2):e5826, 2017
- Hiles M et al: Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: chest X-ray or lung ultrasound? A systematic review. Ultrasound. 25(2):80-91, 2017
- Kröner C et al: Lung disease caused by ABCA3 mutations. Thorax. 72(3):213-20, 2017
- Sardesai S et al: Evolution of surfactant therapy for respiratory distress syndrome: past, present, and future. Pediatr Res. 81(1-2):240-8, 2017
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References
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Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Surfactant deficiency disease (SDD)
Synonyms
- Lung disease of prematurity
- Respiratory distress syndrome
- Hyaline membrane disease (archaic)
Definitions
- Prematurity-related SDD (most common usage)
- Surfactant deficiency in premature newborns
- Lungs begin producing surfactant at ~ 24-weeks gestational age (GA); adequate amounts are usually present by 36-weeks GA
- Lack of sufficient surfactant causes diffuse microatelectasis & abnormal pulmonary compliance
- Secondary SDD (less common usage)
- Meconium aspiration or pneumonia can cause surfactant deactivation
- Results are similar to those seen in prematurity, but usually heterogeneous & superimposed on other findings
- Primary SDD (least common usage)
- Abnormal gene products adversely affect composition &/or function of surfactant
- Often termed surfactant dysfunction disorders
- Most well-known causes: Surfactant protein-B, surfactant protein-C, ABCA3, & TTF-1 deficiencies
- Synergistically ↓ outcome with prematurity & 1° SDD
- Prematurity-related SDD (most common usage)
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
CT Findings
Other Modality Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
Selected References
- Ma H et al: Diagnostic value of lung ultrasound for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Med Ultrason. 22(3):325-33, 2020
- Magnani JE et al: Persistent respiratory distress in the term neonate: genetic surfactant deficiency diseases. Curr Pediatr Rev. 16(1):17-25, 2020
- Wu J et al: Lung ultrasound for the diagnosis of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: a meta-analysis. Ultrasound Q. 36(2):102-10, 2020
- Corsini I et al: Lung ultrasound for the differential diagnosis of respiratory distress in neonates. Neonatology. 115(1):77-84, 2019
- Grimaldi C et al: Thoracic ultrasound accuracy for the investigation of initial neonatal respiratory distress. Arch Pediatr. 26(8):459-65, 2019
- Somaschini M et al: Surfactant proteins gene variants in premature newborn infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome. J Perinatol. 38(4):337-44, 2018
- Chen SW et al: Routine application of lung ultrasonography in the neonatal intensive care unit. Medicine (Baltimore). 96(2):e5826, 2017
- Hiles M et al: Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: chest X-ray or lung ultrasound? A systematic review. Ultrasound. 25(2):80-91, 2017
- Kröner C et al: Lung disease caused by ABCA3 mutations. Thorax. 72(3):213-20, 2017
- Sardesai S et al: Evolution of surfactant therapy for respiratory distress syndrome: past, present, and future. Pediatr Res. 81(1-2):240-8, 2017
