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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
- Congenital syphilis (CS): Transmission of Treponema pallidum (T. pallidum) to fetus from infected mother
- Early-onset CS: Clinically manifests < 2 years of age
- Late-onset CS: Clinically manifests > 2 years of age
- "The great imitator" (coined by Sir William Osler)
- Acquired syphilis
- Occurrence of syphilis via sexual transmission
- May see in sexually abused children
- 1° syphilis: Chancre at site of inoculation
- 2° syphilis: Systemic disease develops weeks to months after infection
- Latent syphilis: Asymptomatic period but serologic tests positive
- 3° syphilis: Development of late complications (e.g., central nervous system, cardiovascular, bones, & skin)
- Osseous findings in acquired syphilis typically occur in 3° syphilis
- Occurrence of syphilis via sexual transmission
- Congenital syphilis (CS): Transmission of Treponema pallidum (T. pallidum) to fetus from infected mother
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Microscopic Features
Laboratory Tests
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Moline HR et al: The continuing threat of syphilis in pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 28(2):101-4, 2016
- Bowen V et al: Increase in incidence of congenital syphilis - United States, 2012-2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 64(44):1241-5, 2015
- Kan JH et al: Musculoskeletal infections. Caffey's pediatric diagnostic imaging. 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders. 1471-1487.e2, 2013
- Rac MW et al: Progression of ultrasound findings of fetal syphilis after maternal treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 211(4):426.e1-6, 2014
- Araujo Júnior E et al: Prenatal diagnosis of congenital syphilis using two- and three-dimensional ultrasonography: case report. Case Rep Infect Dis. 2012:478436, 2012
- Miller R et al: Commentary. Update on emerging infections: news from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Congenital syphilis--United States 2003-2008. Ann Emerg Med. 56(3):296-7, 2010
- Sendagorta E et al: Congenital syphilis, case report and epidemiologic features in Spain. Pediatr Dermatol. 27(3):308-9, 2010
- Lee G et al: Congenital syphilis as a differential diagnosis of non-accidental injury. Eur J Pediatr. 167(9):1071-2, 2008
- Bell C et al: Pulmonary abscesses in congenital syphilis. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 126(4):484-6, 2002
- Busby G et al: Value of routine long bone radiographs in management of babies with a positive VDRL at the Mount Hope Women's Hospital. West Indian Med J. 51(4):225-7, 2002
- Nolt D et al: Survival with hypopituitarism from congenital syphilis. Pediatrics. 109(4):e63, 2002
- Coimbra AV et al: Weismann-Netter-Stuhl syndrome: first Brazilian case reports. Joint Bone Spine. 67(6):539-43, 2000
- Ajayi NA et al: Intestinal ulceration, obstruction, and haemorrhage in congenital syphilis. Pediatr Surg Int. 15(5-6):391-3, 1999
- Christian CW et al: Preschoolers with syphilis. Pediatrics. 103(1):E4, 1999
- Moyer VA et al: Contribution of long-bone radiographs to the management of congenital syphilis in the newborn infant. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 152(4):353-7, 1998
- Kocher MS et al: Parrot pseudoparalysis of the upper extremities. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 78(2):284-7, 1996
- Ghadouane M et al: Skeletal lesions in early congenital syphilis (a review of 86 cases). Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 62(6):433-7, 1995
- Herman TE: Extensive hepatic calcification secondary to fulminant neonatal syphilitic hepatitis. Pediatr Radiol. 25(2):120-2, 1995
- Lim HK et al: Congenital syphilis mimicking child abuse. Pediatr Radiol. 25(7):560-1, 1995
- Shah AM et al: Late onset congenital syphilis. Indian Pediatr. 32(7):795-8, 1995
- Starling SP: Syphilis in infants and young children. Pediatr Ann. 23(7):334-40, 1994
- Rasool MN et al: The skeletal manifestations of congenital syphilis. A review of 197 cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 71(5):752-5, 1989
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References
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Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
- Congenital syphilis (CS): Transmission of Treponema pallidum (T. pallidum) to fetus from infected mother
- Early-onset CS: Clinically manifests < 2 years of age
- Late-onset CS: Clinically manifests > 2 years of age
- "The great imitator" (coined by Sir William Osler)
- Acquired syphilis
- Occurrence of syphilis via sexual transmission
- May see in sexually abused children
- 1° syphilis: Chancre at site of inoculation
- 2° syphilis: Systemic disease develops weeks to months after infection
- Latent syphilis: Asymptomatic period but serologic tests positive
- 3° syphilis: Development of late complications (e.g., central nervous system, cardiovascular, bones, & skin)
- Osseous findings in acquired syphilis typically occur in 3° syphilis
- Occurrence of syphilis via sexual transmission
- Congenital syphilis (CS): Transmission of Treponema pallidum (T. pallidum) to fetus from infected mother
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Microscopic Features
Laboratory Tests
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Moline HR et al: The continuing threat of syphilis in pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 28(2):101-4, 2016
- Bowen V et al: Increase in incidence of congenital syphilis - United States, 2012-2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 64(44):1241-5, 2015
- Kan JH et al: Musculoskeletal infections. Caffey's pediatric diagnostic imaging. 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders. 1471-1487.e2, 2013
- Rac MW et al: Progression of ultrasound findings of fetal syphilis after maternal treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 211(4):426.e1-6, 2014
- Araujo Júnior E et al: Prenatal diagnosis of congenital syphilis using two- and three-dimensional ultrasonography: case report. Case Rep Infect Dis. 2012:478436, 2012
- Miller R et al: Commentary. Update on emerging infections: news from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Congenital syphilis--United States 2003-2008. Ann Emerg Med. 56(3):296-7, 2010
- Sendagorta E et al: Congenital syphilis, case report and epidemiologic features in Spain. Pediatr Dermatol. 27(3):308-9, 2010
- Lee G et al: Congenital syphilis as a differential diagnosis of non-accidental injury. Eur J Pediatr. 167(9):1071-2, 2008
- Bell C et al: Pulmonary abscesses in congenital syphilis. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 126(4):484-6, 2002
- Busby G et al: Value of routine long bone radiographs in management of babies with a positive VDRL at the Mount Hope Women's Hospital. West Indian Med J. 51(4):225-7, 2002
- Nolt D et al: Survival with hypopituitarism from congenital syphilis. Pediatrics. 109(4):e63, 2002
- Coimbra AV et al: Weismann-Netter-Stuhl syndrome: first Brazilian case reports. Joint Bone Spine. 67(6):539-43, 2000
- Ajayi NA et al: Intestinal ulceration, obstruction, and haemorrhage in congenital syphilis. Pediatr Surg Int. 15(5-6):391-3, 1999
- Christian CW et al: Preschoolers with syphilis. Pediatrics. 103(1):E4, 1999
- Moyer VA et al: Contribution of long-bone radiographs to the management of congenital syphilis in the newborn infant. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 152(4):353-7, 1998
- Kocher MS et al: Parrot pseudoparalysis of the upper extremities. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 78(2):284-7, 1996
- Ghadouane M et al: Skeletal lesions in early congenital syphilis (a review of 86 cases). Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 62(6):433-7, 1995
- Herman TE: Extensive hepatic calcification secondary to fulminant neonatal syphilitic hepatitis. Pediatr Radiol. 25(2):120-2, 1995
- Lim HK et al: Congenital syphilis mimicking child abuse. Pediatr Radiol. 25(7):560-1, 1995
- Shah AM et al: Late onset congenital syphilis. Indian Pediatr. 32(7):795-8, 1995
- Starling SP: Syphilis in infants and young children. Pediatr Ann. 23(7):334-40, 1994
- Rasool MN et al: The skeletal manifestations of congenital syphilis. A review of 197 cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 71(5):752-5, 1989
