link
Bookmarks
 (0)
Pediatrics
Diagnosis
Musculoskeletal
Infection
Syphilis
Syphilis
Arthur B. Meyers, MD
To access 4,300 diagnoses written by the world's leading experts in radiology, please log in or subscribe.Log inSubscribe
0
4
24
1

KEY FACTS

  • Terminology

    • Imaging

      • Top Differential Diagnoses

        • Pathology

          • Clinical Issues

            • Diagnostic Checklist

              TERMINOLOGY

              • Definitions

                • Congenital syphilis (CS): Transmission of Treponema pallidum (T. pallidum) to fetus from infected mother
                  • Early-onset CS: Clinically manifests < 2 years of age
                  • Late-onset CS: Clinically manifests > 2 years of age
                • "The great imitator" (coined by Sir William Osler)
                • Acquired syphilis
                  • Occurrence of syphilis via sexual transmission
                    • May see in sexually abused children
                  • 1° syphilis: Chancre at site of inoculation
                  • 2° syphilis: Systemic disease develops weeks to months after infection
                  • Latent syphilis: Asymptomatic period but serologic tests positive
                  • 3° syphilis: Development of late complications (e.g., central nervous system, cardiovascular, bones, & skin)
                    • Osseous findings in acquired syphilis typically occur in 3° syphilis

              IMAGING

              • General Features

                • Radiographic Findings

                  • Ultrasonographic Findings

                    DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                      PATHOLOGY

                      • General Features

                        • Microscopic Features

                          • Laboratory Tests

                            CLINICAL ISSUES

                            • Presentation

                              • Demographics

                                • Natural History & Prognosis

                                  • Treatment

                                    DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST

                                    • Consider

                                      • Image Interpretation Pearls

                                        Selected References

                                        1. Moline HR et al: The continuing threat of syphilis in pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 28(2):101-4, 2016
                                        2. Bowen V et al: Increase in incidence of congenital syphilis - United States, 2012-2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 64(44):1241-5, 2015
                                        3. Kan JH et al: Musculoskeletal infections. Caffey's pediatric diagnostic imaging. 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders. 1471-1487.e2, 2013
                                        4. Rac MW et al: Progression of ultrasound findings of fetal syphilis after maternal treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 211(4):426.e1-6, 2014
                                        5. Araujo Júnior E et al: Prenatal diagnosis of congenital syphilis using two- and three-dimensional ultrasonography: case report. Case Rep Infect Dis. 2012:478436, 2012
                                        6. Miller R et al: Commentary. Update on emerging infections: news from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Congenital syphilis--United States 2003-2008. Ann Emerg Med. 56(3):296-7, 2010
                                        7. Sendagorta E et al: Congenital syphilis, case report and epidemiologic features in Spain. Pediatr Dermatol. 27(3):308-9, 2010
                                        8. Lee G et al: Congenital syphilis as a differential diagnosis of non-accidental injury. Eur J Pediatr. 167(9):1071-2, 2008
                                        9. Bell C et al: Pulmonary abscesses in congenital syphilis. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 126(4):484-6, 2002
                                        10. Busby G et al: Value of routine long bone radiographs in management of babies with a positive VDRL at the Mount Hope Women's Hospital. West Indian Med J. 51(4):225-7, 2002
                                        11. Nolt D et al: Survival with hypopituitarism from congenital syphilis. Pediatrics. 109(4):e63, 2002
                                        12. Coimbra AV et al: Weismann-Netter-Stuhl syndrome: first Brazilian case reports. Joint Bone Spine. 67(6):539-43, 2000
                                        13. Ajayi NA et al: Intestinal ulceration, obstruction, and haemorrhage in congenital syphilis. Pediatr Surg Int. 15(5-6):391-3, 1999
                                        14. Christian CW et al: Preschoolers with syphilis. Pediatrics. 103(1):E4, 1999
                                        15. Moyer VA et al: Contribution of long-bone radiographs to the management of congenital syphilis in the newborn infant. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 152(4):353-7, 1998
                                        16. Kocher MS et al: Parrot pseudoparalysis of the upper extremities. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 78(2):284-7, 1996
                                        17. Ghadouane M et al: Skeletal lesions in early congenital syphilis (a review of 86 cases). Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 62(6):433-7, 1995
                                        18. Herman TE: Extensive hepatic calcification secondary to fulminant neonatal syphilitic hepatitis. Pediatr Radiol. 25(2):120-2, 1995
                                        19. Lim HK et al: Congenital syphilis mimicking child abuse. Pediatr Radiol. 25(7):560-1, 1995
                                        20. Shah AM et al: Late onset congenital syphilis. Indian Pediatr. 32(7):795-8, 1995
                                        21. Starling SP: Syphilis in infants and young children. Pediatr Ann. 23(7):334-40, 1994
                                        22. Rasool MN et al: The skeletal manifestations of congenital syphilis. A review of 197 cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 71(5):752-5, 1989
                                        Related Anatomy
                                        Loading...
                                        Related Differential Diagnoses
                                        Loading...
                                        References
                                        Tables

                                        Tables

                                        KEY FACTS

                                        • Terminology

                                          • Imaging

                                            • Top Differential Diagnoses

                                              • Pathology

                                                • Clinical Issues

                                                  • Diagnostic Checklist

                                                    TERMINOLOGY

                                                    • Definitions

                                                      • Congenital syphilis (CS): Transmission of Treponema pallidum (T. pallidum) to fetus from infected mother
                                                        • Early-onset CS: Clinically manifests < 2 years of age
                                                        • Late-onset CS: Clinically manifests > 2 years of age
                                                      • "The great imitator" (coined by Sir William Osler)
                                                      • Acquired syphilis
                                                        • Occurrence of syphilis via sexual transmission
                                                          • May see in sexually abused children
                                                        • 1° syphilis: Chancre at site of inoculation
                                                        • 2° syphilis: Systemic disease develops weeks to months after infection
                                                        • Latent syphilis: Asymptomatic period but serologic tests positive
                                                        • 3° syphilis: Development of late complications (e.g., central nervous system, cardiovascular, bones, & skin)
                                                          • Osseous findings in acquired syphilis typically occur in 3° syphilis

                                                    IMAGING

                                                    • General Features

                                                      • Radiographic Findings

                                                        • Ultrasonographic Findings

                                                          DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

                                                            PATHOLOGY

                                                            • General Features

                                                              • Microscopic Features

                                                                • Laboratory Tests

                                                                  CLINICAL ISSUES

                                                                  • Presentation

                                                                    • Demographics

                                                                      • Natural History & Prognosis

                                                                        • Treatment

                                                                          DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST

                                                                          • Consider

                                                                            • Image Interpretation Pearls

                                                                              Selected References

                                                                              1. Moline HR et al: The continuing threat of syphilis in pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 28(2):101-4, 2016
                                                                              2. Bowen V et al: Increase in incidence of congenital syphilis - United States, 2012-2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 64(44):1241-5, 2015
                                                                              3. Kan JH et al: Musculoskeletal infections. Caffey's pediatric diagnostic imaging. 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders. 1471-1487.e2, 2013
                                                                              4. Rac MW et al: Progression of ultrasound findings of fetal syphilis after maternal treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 211(4):426.e1-6, 2014
                                                                              5. Araujo Júnior E et al: Prenatal diagnosis of congenital syphilis using two- and three-dimensional ultrasonography: case report. Case Rep Infect Dis. 2012:478436, 2012
                                                                              6. Miller R et al: Commentary. Update on emerging infections: news from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Congenital syphilis--United States 2003-2008. Ann Emerg Med. 56(3):296-7, 2010
                                                                              7. Sendagorta E et al: Congenital syphilis, case report and epidemiologic features in Spain. Pediatr Dermatol. 27(3):308-9, 2010
                                                                              8. Lee G et al: Congenital syphilis as a differential diagnosis of non-accidental injury. Eur J Pediatr. 167(9):1071-2, 2008
                                                                              9. Bell C et al: Pulmonary abscesses in congenital syphilis. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 126(4):484-6, 2002
                                                                              10. Busby G et al: Value of routine long bone radiographs in management of babies with a positive VDRL at the Mount Hope Women's Hospital. West Indian Med J. 51(4):225-7, 2002
                                                                              11. Nolt D et al: Survival with hypopituitarism from congenital syphilis. Pediatrics. 109(4):e63, 2002
                                                                              12. Coimbra AV et al: Weismann-Netter-Stuhl syndrome: first Brazilian case reports. Joint Bone Spine. 67(6):539-43, 2000
                                                                              13. Ajayi NA et al: Intestinal ulceration, obstruction, and haemorrhage in congenital syphilis. Pediatr Surg Int. 15(5-6):391-3, 1999
                                                                              14. Christian CW et al: Preschoolers with syphilis. Pediatrics. 103(1):E4, 1999
                                                                              15. Moyer VA et al: Contribution of long-bone radiographs to the management of congenital syphilis in the newborn infant. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 152(4):353-7, 1998
                                                                              16. Kocher MS et al: Parrot pseudoparalysis of the upper extremities. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 78(2):284-7, 1996
                                                                              17. Ghadouane M et al: Skeletal lesions in early congenital syphilis (a review of 86 cases). Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 62(6):433-7, 1995
                                                                              18. Herman TE: Extensive hepatic calcification secondary to fulminant neonatal syphilitic hepatitis. Pediatr Radiol. 25(2):120-2, 1995
                                                                              19. Lim HK et al: Congenital syphilis mimicking child abuse. Pediatr Radiol. 25(7):560-1, 1995
                                                                              20. Shah AM et al: Late onset congenital syphilis. Indian Pediatr. 32(7):795-8, 1995
                                                                              21. Starling SP: Syphilis in infants and young children. Pediatr Ann. 23(7):334-40, 1994
                                                                              22. Rasool MN et al: The skeletal manifestations of congenital syphilis. A review of 197 cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 71(5):752-5, 1989