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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
- Hydromyelia: Cystic central canal dilatation
- Syringomyelia: Cystic spinal cord cavity not contiguous with central cord canal
- Syringobulbia: Brainstem syrinx extension
- Syringocephaly: Brain/cerebral peduncle syrinx extension
- Syringohydromyelia: Features of both syringomyelia and hydromyelia
- "Presyrinx state": Reversible spinal cord edema produced by alterations in CSF flow dynamics
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Other Modality Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Yuan C et al: Rapid progression of acute cervical syringomyelia: a case report of delayed complications following spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 1-5, 2020
- Holly LT et al: Chiari malformation and syringomyelia. J Neurosurg Spine. 31(5):619-28, 2019
- Shen J et al: Syringobulbia in patients with Chiari malformation type i: a systematic review. Biomed Res Int. 2019:4829102, 2019
- Yuan C et al: Spontaneous resolution of syringomyelia with a 16-year serial magnetic resonance imaging follow-up: a case report and literature review. World Neurosurg. 130:432-8, 2019
- Klekamp J: How should syringomyelia be defined and diagnosed? World Neurosurg. 111:e729-45, 2018
- Menezes AH et al: Syringobulbia in pediatric patients with Chiari malformation type I. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 22(1):52-60, 2018
- Governale LS: Resolution of Chiari-associated syringomyelia. Pediatr Neurol. 50(5):542-3, 2014
- Kemp J et al: Holocord syringomyelia secondary to tethered spinal cord associated with anterior sacral meningocele and tailgut cyst: case report and review of literature. Childs Nerv Syst. 30(6):1141-6, 2014
- Nagoshi N et al: Factors contributing to improvement of syringomyelia after foramen magnum decompression for Chiari type I malformation. J Orthop Sci. 19(3):418-23, 2014
- Vandertop WP: Syringomyelia. Neuropediatrics. 45(1):3-9, 2014
- Tsitouras V et al: Syringomyelia and tethered cord in children. Childs Nerv Syst. 29(9):1625-34, 2013
- Aghakhani N et al: Long-term follow-up of Chiari-related syringomyelia in adults: analysis of 157 surgically treated cases. Neurosurgery. 64(2):308-15; discussion 315, 2009
- Nakamura M et al: Clinical significance and prognosis of idiopathic syringomyelia. J Spinal Disord Tech. 22(5):372-5, 2009
- Ravaglia S et al: Presyrinx in children with Chiari malformations. Neurology. 72(22):1966-7, 2009
- Akhtar OH et al: Syringomyelia-associated scoliosis with and without the Chiari I malformation. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 16(7):407-17, 2008
- Goh S et al: Presyrinx in children with Chiari malformations. Neurology. 71(5):351-6, 2008
- Park CH et al: Evaluation of intrasyrinx fluid motion by spatial modulation of magnetization-magnetic resonance imaging in syringomyelia with long-term follow-up: a predictor of postoperative prognosis? J Comput Assist Tomogr. 32(1):135-40, 2008
- Sung WS et al: Spontaneous regression of syringomyelia--review of the current aetiological theories and implications for surgery. J Clin Neurosci. 15(10):1185-8, 2008
- Porensky P et al: Nontraumatic cervicothoracic syrinx as a cause of progressive neurologic dysfunction. J Spinal Cord Med. 30(3):276-81, 2007
- Ravaglia S et al: Pathogenetic role of myelitis for syringomyelia. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 109(6):541-6, 2007
- Aryan HE et al: Syringocephaly. J Clin Neurosci. 11(4):421-3, 2004
- Piatt JH Jr: Syringomyelia complicating myelomeningocele: review of the evidence. J Neurosurg. 100(2 Suppl):101-9, 2004
- Brodbelt AR et al: Post-traumatic syringomyelia: a review. J Clin Neurosci. 10(4):401-8, 2003
- Kyoshima K et al: Spontaneous resolution of syringomyelia: report of two cases and review of the literature. Neurosurgery. 53(3):762-8; discussion 768-9, 2003
- Ozerdemoglu RA et al: Scoliosis associated with syringomyelia: clinical and radiologic correlation. Spine. 28(13):1410-7, 2003
- Holly LT et al: Slitlike syrinx cavities: a persistent central canal. J Neurosurg. 97(2 Suppl):161-5, 2002
- Klekamp J et al: Syringomyelia associated with foramen magnum arachnoiditis. J Neurosurg. 97(3 Suppl):317-22, 2002
- Klekamp J: The pathophysiology of syringomyelia - historical overview and current concept. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 144(7):649-64, 2002
- Klekamp J et al: Spontaneous resolution of Chiari I malformation and syringomyelia: case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery. 48(3):664-7, 2001
- Vinas FC et al: Spontaneous resolution of a syrinx. J Clin Neurosci. 8(2):170-2, 2001
- Brugières P et al: CSF flow measurement in syringomyelia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 21(10):1785-92, 2000
- Fischbein NJ et al: The "presyrinx" state: is there a reversible myelopathic condition that may precede syringomyelia? Neurosurg Focus. 8(3):E4, 2000
- Unsinn KM et al: US of the spinal cord in newborns: spectrum of normal findings, variants, congenital anomalies, and acquired diseases. Radiographics. 20(4):923-38, 2000
- Fischbein NJ et al: The "presyrinx" state: a reversible myelopathic condition that may precede syringomyelia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 20(1):7-20, 1999
- Levy LM: MR imaging of cerebrospinal fluid flow and spinal cord motion in neurologic disorders of the spine. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 7(3):573-87, 1999
- Milhorat TH et al: Intramedullary pressure in syringomyelia: clinical and pathophysiological correlates of syrinx distension. Neurosurgery. 41(5):1102-10, 1997
- Milhorat TH et al: Pathological basis of spinal cord cavitation in syringomyelia: analysis of 105 autopsy cases. J Neurosurg. 82(5):802-12, 1995
- Tanghe HL: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in syringomyelia. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 134(1-2):93-9, 1995
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Definitions
- Hydromyelia: Cystic central canal dilatation
- Syringomyelia: Cystic spinal cord cavity not contiguous with central cord canal
- Syringobulbia: Brainstem syrinx extension
- Syringocephaly: Brain/cerebral peduncle syrinx extension
- Syringohydromyelia: Features of both syringomyelia and hydromyelia
- "Presyrinx state": Reversible spinal cord edema produced by alterations in CSF flow dynamics
IMAGING
General Features
Radiographic Findings
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Other Modality Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Yuan C et al: Rapid progression of acute cervical syringomyelia: a case report of delayed complications following spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 1-5, 2020
- Holly LT et al: Chiari malformation and syringomyelia. J Neurosurg Spine. 31(5):619-28, 2019
- Shen J et al: Syringobulbia in patients with Chiari malformation type i: a systematic review. Biomed Res Int. 2019:4829102, 2019
- Yuan C et al: Spontaneous resolution of syringomyelia with a 16-year serial magnetic resonance imaging follow-up: a case report and literature review. World Neurosurg. 130:432-8, 2019
- Klekamp J: How should syringomyelia be defined and diagnosed? World Neurosurg. 111:e729-45, 2018
- Menezes AH et al: Syringobulbia in pediatric patients with Chiari malformation type I. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 22(1):52-60, 2018
- Governale LS: Resolution of Chiari-associated syringomyelia. Pediatr Neurol. 50(5):542-3, 2014
- Kemp J et al: Holocord syringomyelia secondary to tethered spinal cord associated with anterior sacral meningocele and tailgut cyst: case report and review of literature. Childs Nerv Syst. 30(6):1141-6, 2014
- Nagoshi N et al: Factors contributing to improvement of syringomyelia after foramen magnum decompression for Chiari type I malformation. J Orthop Sci. 19(3):418-23, 2014
- Vandertop WP: Syringomyelia. Neuropediatrics. 45(1):3-9, 2014
- Tsitouras V et al: Syringomyelia and tethered cord in children. Childs Nerv Syst. 29(9):1625-34, 2013
- Aghakhani N et al: Long-term follow-up of Chiari-related syringomyelia in adults: analysis of 157 surgically treated cases. Neurosurgery. 64(2):308-15; discussion 315, 2009
- Nakamura M et al: Clinical significance and prognosis of idiopathic syringomyelia. J Spinal Disord Tech. 22(5):372-5, 2009
- Ravaglia S et al: Presyrinx in children with Chiari malformations. Neurology. 72(22):1966-7, 2009
- Akhtar OH et al: Syringomyelia-associated scoliosis with and without the Chiari I malformation. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 16(7):407-17, 2008
- Goh S et al: Presyrinx in children with Chiari malformations. Neurology. 71(5):351-6, 2008
- Park CH et al: Evaluation of intrasyrinx fluid motion by spatial modulation of magnetization-magnetic resonance imaging in syringomyelia with long-term follow-up: a predictor of postoperative prognosis? J Comput Assist Tomogr. 32(1):135-40, 2008
- Sung WS et al: Spontaneous regression of syringomyelia--review of the current aetiological theories and implications for surgery. J Clin Neurosci. 15(10):1185-8, 2008
- Porensky P et al: Nontraumatic cervicothoracic syrinx as a cause of progressive neurologic dysfunction. J Spinal Cord Med. 30(3):276-81, 2007
- Ravaglia S et al: Pathogenetic role of myelitis for syringomyelia. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 109(6):541-6, 2007
- Aryan HE et al: Syringocephaly. J Clin Neurosci. 11(4):421-3, 2004
- Piatt JH Jr: Syringomyelia complicating myelomeningocele: review of the evidence. J Neurosurg. 100(2 Suppl):101-9, 2004
- Brodbelt AR et al: Post-traumatic syringomyelia: a review. J Clin Neurosci. 10(4):401-8, 2003
- Kyoshima K et al: Spontaneous resolution of syringomyelia: report of two cases and review of the literature. Neurosurgery. 53(3):762-8; discussion 768-9, 2003
- Ozerdemoglu RA et al: Scoliosis associated with syringomyelia: clinical and radiologic correlation. Spine. 28(13):1410-7, 2003
- Holly LT et al: Slitlike syrinx cavities: a persistent central canal. J Neurosurg. 97(2 Suppl):161-5, 2002
- Klekamp J et al: Syringomyelia associated with foramen magnum arachnoiditis. J Neurosurg. 97(3 Suppl):317-22, 2002
- Klekamp J: The pathophysiology of syringomyelia - historical overview and current concept. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 144(7):649-64, 2002
- Klekamp J et al: Spontaneous resolution of Chiari I malformation and syringomyelia: case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery. 48(3):664-7, 2001
- Vinas FC et al: Spontaneous resolution of a syrinx. J Clin Neurosci. 8(2):170-2, 2001
- Brugières P et al: CSF flow measurement in syringomyelia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 21(10):1785-92, 2000
- Fischbein NJ et al: The "presyrinx" state: is there a reversible myelopathic condition that may precede syringomyelia? Neurosurg Focus. 8(3):E4, 2000
- Unsinn KM et al: US of the spinal cord in newborns: spectrum of normal findings, variants, congenital anomalies, and acquired diseases. Radiographics. 20(4):923-38, 2000
- Fischbein NJ et al: The "presyrinx" state: a reversible myelopathic condition that may precede syringomyelia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 20(1):7-20, 1999
- Levy LM: MR imaging of cerebrospinal fluid flow and spinal cord motion in neurologic disorders of the spine. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 7(3):573-87, 1999
- Milhorat TH et al: Intramedullary pressure in syringomyelia: clinical and pathophysiological correlates of syrinx distension. Neurosurgery. 41(5):1102-10, 1997
- Milhorat TH et al: Pathological basis of spinal cord cavitation in syringomyelia: analysis of 105 autopsy cases. J Neurosurg. 82(5):802-12, 1995
- Tanghe HL: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in syringomyelia. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 134(1-2):93-9, 1995
