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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
- Neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE)
Definitions
- Primary NPSLE: If resulting directly from immune-mediated injury
- Secondary NPSLE: If related to treatment, infections, metabolic disturbances, or other systemic manifestations not related to SLE; ~ 60%
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Angiographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- John TJ et al: SLE pachymeningitis and multiple cranial nerve palsies: a case report and review of the literature. Lupus. 28(9):1154-7, 2019
- Mvambo N et al: Clinical, neuroimaging and immunological phenotype of South African neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Lupus. 28(5):685-94, 2019
- Yeoh H et al: Relationship between cerebral microbleeds and white matter MR hyperintensities in systemic lupus erythematosus: a retrospective observational study. Neuroradiology. 61(3):265-74, 2019
- McGlasson S et al: Neurological Disease in Lupus: Toward a Personalized Medicine Approach. Front Immunol. 9:1146, 2018
- Vivaldo JF et al: Definition of NPSLE: Does the ACR Nomenclature Still Hold? Front Med (Lausanne). 5:138, 2018
- Magro-Checa C et al: Management of Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Current Approaches and Future Perspectives. Drugs. 76(4):459-83, 2016
- Nardone R et al: Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis in systemic lupus erythematosus: Case report and review of the literature. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 129C:57-61, 2015
- Piga M et al: Twenty-year brain magnetic resonance imaging follow-up study in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Factors associated with accrual of damage and central nervous system involvement. Autoimmun Rev. ePub, 2015
- Saison J et al: Systemic lupus erythematosus-associated acute transverse myelitis: manifestations, treatments, outcomes, and prognostic factors in 20 patients. Lupus. 24(1):74-81, 2015
- Sarbu N et al: Advanced and Conventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Neuropsychiatric Lupus. F1000Res. 4:162, 2015
- Jeong HW et al: Brain MRI in neuropsychiatric lupus: associations with the 1999 ACR case definitions. Rheumatol Int. ePub, 2014
- Kaichi Y et al: Brain MR findings in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with and without antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 35(1):100-5, 2014
- Steup-Beekman GM et al: Neuropsychiatric manifestations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: epidemiology and radiology pointing to an immune-mediated cause. Ann Rheum Dis. 72 Suppl 2:ii76-9, 2013
- Borowoy AM et al: Neuropsychiatric lupus: the prevalence and autoantibody associations depend on the definition: results from the 1000 faces of lupus cohort. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 42(2):179-85, 2012
- Curiel R et al: PET/CT imaging in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1228:71-80, 2011
- Lim KS et al: Periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges in neuropsychiatric lupus: association with cerebritis in magnetic resonance imaging and resolution after intravenous immunoglobulin. Lupus. 19(6):748-52, 2010
- Baizabal-Carvallo JF et al: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome as a complication of acute lupus activity. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 111(4):359-63, 2009
- Appenzeller S et al: Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging analyses and clinical significance of hyperintense white matter lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Ann Neurol. 64(6):635-43, 2008
- Petri M et al: Brain magnetic resonance imaging in newly diagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 35(12):2348-54, 2008
- Janardhan V et al: Anticardiolipin antibodies and risk of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack: the Framingham cohort and offspring study. Stroke. 35(3):736-41, 2004
- Jennings JE et al: Value of MRI of the brain in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and neurologic disturbance. Neuroradiology. 46(1):15-21, 2004
- Susac JO et al: MRI findings in Susac's syndrome. Neurology. 61(12):1783-7, 2003
Related Anatomy
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
- Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
- Neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE)
Definitions
- Primary NPSLE: If resulting directly from immune-mediated injury
- Secondary NPSLE: If related to treatment, infections, metabolic disturbances, or other systemic manifestations not related to SLE; ~ 60%
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Angiographic Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Staging, Grading, & Classification
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- John TJ et al: SLE pachymeningitis and multiple cranial nerve palsies: a case report and review of the literature. Lupus. 28(9):1154-7, 2019
- Mvambo N et al: Clinical, neuroimaging and immunological phenotype of South African neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Lupus. 28(5):685-94, 2019
- Yeoh H et al: Relationship between cerebral microbleeds and white matter MR hyperintensities in systemic lupus erythematosus: a retrospective observational study. Neuroradiology. 61(3):265-74, 2019
- McGlasson S et al: Neurological Disease in Lupus: Toward a Personalized Medicine Approach. Front Immunol. 9:1146, 2018
- Vivaldo JF et al: Definition of NPSLE: Does the ACR Nomenclature Still Hold? Front Med (Lausanne). 5:138, 2018
- Magro-Checa C et al: Management of Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Current Approaches and Future Perspectives. Drugs. 76(4):459-83, 2016
- Nardone R et al: Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis in systemic lupus erythematosus: Case report and review of the literature. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 129C:57-61, 2015
- Piga M et al: Twenty-year brain magnetic resonance imaging follow-up study in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Factors associated with accrual of damage and central nervous system involvement. Autoimmun Rev. ePub, 2015
- Saison J et al: Systemic lupus erythematosus-associated acute transverse myelitis: manifestations, treatments, outcomes, and prognostic factors in 20 patients. Lupus. 24(1):74-81, 2015
- Sarbu N et al: Advanced and Conventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Neuropsychiatric Lupus. F1000Res. 4:162, 2015
- Jeong HW et al: Brain MRI in neuropsychiatric lupus: associations with the 1999 ACR case definitions. Rheumatol Int. ePub, 2014
- Kaichi Y et al: Brain MR findings in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with and without antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 35(1):100-5, 2014
- Steup-Beekman GM et al: Neuropsychiatric manifestations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: epidemiology and radiology pointing to an immune-mediated cause. Ann Rheum Dis. 72 Suppl 2:ii76-9, 2013
- Borowoy AM et al: Neuropsychiatric lupus: the prevalence and autoantibody associations depend on the definition: results from the 1000 faces of lupus cohort. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 42(2):179-85, 2012
- Curiel R et al: PET/CT imaging in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1228:71-80, 2011
- Lim KS et al: Periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges in neuropsychiatric lupus: association with cerebritis in magnetic resonance imaging and resolution after intravenous immunoglobulin. Lupus. 19(6):748-52, 2010
- Baizabal-Carvallo JF et al: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome as a complication of acute lupus activity. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 111(4):359-63, 2009
- Appenzeller S et al: Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging analyses and clinical significance of hyperintense white matter lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Ann Neurol. 64(6):635-43, 2008
- Petri M et al: Brain magnetic resonance imaging in newly diagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 35(12):2348-54, 2008
- Janardhan V et al: Anticardiolipin antibodies and risk of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack: the Framingham cohort and offspring study. Stroke. 35(3):736-41, 2004
- Jennings JE et al: Value of MRI of the brain in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and neurologic disturbance. Neuroradiology. 46(1):15-21, 2004
- Susac JO et al: MRI findings in Susac's syndrome. Neurology. 61(12):1783-7, 2003
