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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Yolk sac tumor (YST): Endodermal sinus tumor, orchioblastoma
- Teratoma: Differentiated or mature teratoma, undifferentiated or immature teratoma
- Mixed germ cell tumor (MGCT): Polyembryoma
- Leydig cell tumor: Interstitial cell tumor
- Sertoli cell tumor: Androblastoma
Definitions
- Primary testicular tumors: Germ cell tumors (GCTs) vs. non-GCTs
- GCTs: ~ 2/3 of pediatric testicular tumors
- YST: Histologically recapitulates yolk sac, allantois, & extraembryonic mesenchyme
- Teratoma: Contains elements of all 3 germinal layers (endoderm, mesoderm, & ectoderm)
- Mature contains only well-differentiated tissues; immature adds fetal elements
- Epidermoids: Monodermal cysts (not neoplasms) filled with keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium
- Embryonal carcinoma: Malignant tumor of anaplastic undifferentiated cells similar to those seen in very early embryo
- Choriocarcinoma: Rare, highly malignant tumor composed of placenta-like tissues
- Mixed GCTs: Malignant tumor of 2 or more germ cell types
- Seminoma: Malignant tumor of germ cell origin lacking any embryonic elements
- Non-GCTs: ~ 1/3 of pediatric testicular tumors
- Leydig cell tumors: Recapitulate normal development of Leydig cells (stromal cells that produce androgens)
- Sertoli cell tumors: Recapitulate normal development of Sertoli cells (sex cord cells that support spermatogonial stem cells)
- Juvenile granulosa cell tumors: Extremely rare stromal tumor that resembles ovarian graafian follicles
- Lymphoma & leukemia can also involve testes
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
Staging, Grading, & Classification
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Davis JT et al: Imaging of childhood urologic cancers: current approaches and new advances. Transl Androl Urol. 9(5):2348-57, 2020
- Yu CJ et al: Incidence characteristics of testicular microlithiasis and its association with risk of primary testicular tumors in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Pediatr. 16(6):585-97, 2020
- Wu D et al: Prepubertal testicular tumors in China: a 10-year experience with 67 cases. Pediatr Surg Int. 34(12):1339-43, 2018
- Alkhori NA et al: Pediatric scrotal ultrasound: review and update. Pediatr Radiol. 47(9):1125-33, 2017
- Marte A et al: Long-term follow-up of testicular microlithiasis in children and adolescents: multicenter prospective cohort study of the Italian Society of Pediatric Urology. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 27(2):155-60, 2017
- Trout AT et al: Association between testicular microlithiasis and testicular neoplasia: large multicenter study in a pediatric population. Radiology. 285(2):576-83, 2017
- Yılmaz R et al: Sonography and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of testicular adrenal rest tumors. Pol J Radiol. 82:583-8, 2017
- Murcia-Pascual FJ et al: Testicular and paratesticular tumors in children. Arch Esp Urol. 69(10):691-7, 2016
- Woo LL et al: The role of testis-sparing surgery in children and adolescents with testicular tumors. Urol Oncol. 34(2):76-83, 2016
- Cornejo KM et al: Yolk sac tumor of the testis in infants and children: a clinicopathologic analysis of 33 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 39(8):1121-31, 2015
- Kao CS et al: Juvenile granulosa cell tumors of the testis: a clinicopathologic study of 70 cases with emphasis on its wide morphologic spectrum. Am J Surg Pathol. 39(9):1159-69, 2015
- Chung JM et al: Overview of pediatric testicular tumors in Korea. Korean J Urol. 55(12):789-96, 2014
- Leonhartsberger N et al: Organ-sparing surgery is the treatment of choice in benign testicular tumors. World J Urol. 32(4):1087-91, 2014
- Lock G et al: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound and real-time elastography for the diagnosis of benign Leydig cell tumors of the testis - a single center report on 13 cases. Ultraschall Med. 35(6):534-9, 2014
- Wang X et al: Prepubertal testicular and paratesticular tumors in China: a single-center experience over a 10-year period. J Pediatr Surg. 47(8):1576-80, 2012
- Hisamatsu E et al: Prepubertal testicular tumors: a 20-year experience with 40 cases. Int J Urol. 17(11):956-9, 2010
- Nerli RB et al: Prepubertal testicular tumors: our 10 years experience. Indian J Cancer. 47(3):292-5, 2010
- Parenti GC et al: Imaging of the scrotum: role of MRI. Radiol Med. 114(3):414-24, 2009
- Chen YS et al: Prepubertal testicular germ cell tumors: 25-year experience in Taipei Veterans General Hospital. J Chin Med Assoc. 71(7):357-61, 2008
- Taskinen S et al: Testicular tumors in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Urol. 4(2):134-7, 2008
- Kim W et al: US MR imaging correlation in pathologic conditions of the scrotum. Radiographics. 27(5):1239-53, 2007
- Ebele JN et al: World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Pathology & Genetics of Tumours of the Urinary System & Male Genital Organs. Lyon: IARC Press, 2004
- Woodward PJ et al: From the archives of the AFIP: tumors and tumorlike lesions of the testis: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 22(1):189-216, 2002
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Yolk sac tumor (YST): Endodermal sinus tumor, orchioblastoma
- Teratoma: Differentiated or mature teratoma, undifferentiated or immature teratoma
- Mixed germ cell tumor (MGCT): Polyembryoma
- Leydig cell tumor: Interstitial cell tumor
- Sertoli cell tumor: Androblastoma
Definitions
- Primary testicular tumors: Germ cell tumors (GCTs) vs. non-GCTs
- GCTs: ~ 2/3 of pediatric testicular tumors
- YST: Histologically recapitulates yolk sac, allantois, & extraembryonic mesenchyme
- Teratoma: Contains elements of all 3 germinal layers (endoderm, mesoderm, & ectoderm)
- Mature contains only well-differentiated tissues; immature adds fetal elements
- Epidermoids: Monodermal cysts (not neoplasms) filled with keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium
- Embryonal carcinoma: Malignant tumor of anaplastic undifferentiated cells similar to those seen in very early embryo
- Choriocarcinoma: Rare, highly malignant tumor composed of placenta-like tissues
- Mixed GCTs: Malignant tumor of 2 or more germ cell types
- Seminoma: Malignant tumor of germ cell origin lacking any embryonic elements
- Non-GCTs: ~ 1/3 of pediatric testicular tumors
- Leydig cell tumors: Recapitulate normal development of Leydig cells (stromal cells that produce androgens)
- Sertoli cell tumors: Recapitulate normal development of Sertoli cells (sex cord cells that support spermatogonial stem cells)
- Juvenile granulosa cell tumors: Extremely rare stromal tumor that resembles ovarian graafian follicles
- Lymphoma & leukemia can also involve testes
IMAGING
General Features
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
Staging, Grading, & Classification
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Davis JT et al: Imaging of childhood urologic cancers: current approaches and new advances. Transl Androl Urol. 9(5):2348-57, 2020
- Yu CJ et al: Incidence characteristics of testicular microlithiasis and its association with risk of primary testicular tumors in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Pediatr. 16(6):585-97, 2020
- Wu D et al: Prepubertal testicular tumors in China: a 10-year experience with 67 cases. Pediatr Surg Int. 34(12):1339-43, 2018
- Alkhori NA et al: Pediatric scrotal ultrasound: review and update. Pediatr Radiol. 47(9):1125-33, 2017
- Marte A et al: Long-term follow-up of testicular microlithiasis in children and adolescents: multicenter prospective cohort study of the Italian Society of Pediatric Urology. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 27(2):155-60, 2017
- Trout AT et al: Association between testicular microlithiasis and testicular neoplasia: large multicenter study in a pediatric population. Radiology. 285(2):576-83, 2017
- Yılmaz R et al: Sonography and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of testicular adrenal rest tumors. Pol J Radiol. 82:583-8, 2017
- Murcia-Pascual FJ et al: Testicular and paratesticular tumors in children. Arch Esp Urol. 69(10):691-7, 2016
- Woo LL et al: The role of testis-sparing surgery in children and adolescents with testicular tumors. Urol Oncol. 34(2):76-83, 2016
- Cornejo KM et al: Yolk sac tumor of the testis in infants and children: a clinicopathologic analysis of 33 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 39(8):1121-31, 2015
- Kao CS et al: Juvenile granulosa cell tumors of the testis: a clinicopathologic study of 70 cases with emphasis on its wide morphologic spectrum. Am J Surg Pathol. 39(9):1159-69, 2015
- Chung JM et al: Overview of pediatric testicular tumors in Korea. Korean J Urol. 55(12):789-96, 2014
- Leonhartsberger N et al: Organ-sparing surgery is the treatment of choice in benign testicular tumors. World J Urol. 32(4):1087-91, 2014
- Lock G et al: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound and real-time elastography for the diagnosis of benign Leydig cell tumors of the testis - a single center report on 13 cases. Ultraschall Med. 35(6):534-9, 2014
- Wang X et al: Prepubertal testicular and paratesticular tumors in China: a single-center experience over a 10-year period. J Pediatr Surg. 47(8):1576-80, 2012
- Hisamatsu E et al: Prepubertal testicular tumors: a 20-year experience with 40 cases. Int J Urol. 17(11):956-9, 2010
- Nerli RB et al: Prepubertal testicular tumors: our 10 years experience. Indian J Cancer. 47(3):292-5, 2010
- Parenti GC et al: Imaging of the scrotum: role of MRI. Radiol Med. 114(3):414-24, 2009
- Chen YS et al: Prepubertal testicular germ cell tumors: 25-year experience in Taipei Veterans General Hospital. J Chin Med Assoc. 71(7):357-61, 2008
- Taskinen S et al: Testicular tumors in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Urol. 4(2):134-7, 2008
- Kim W et al: US MR imaging correlation in pathologic conditions of the scrotum. Radiographics. 27(5):1239-53, 2007
- Ebele JN et al: World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Pathology & Genetics of Tumours of the Urinary System & Male Genital Organs. Lyon: IARC Press, 2004
- Woodward PJ et al: From the archives of the AFIP: tumors and tumorlike lesions of the testis: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 22(1):189-216, 2002
