Dewan MC et al: Fetal surgery for spina bifida. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 24(2):105-14, 2019
He SZ et al: Prenatal ultrasound evaluation of the position of conus medullaris for the diagnosis of tethered cord syndrome. Ultrasound Q. 32(4):356-60, 2016
Tu A et al: Occult tethered cord syndrome: a review. Childs Nerv Syst. 29(9):1635-40, 2013
Blondiaux E et al: Prenatal US evaluation of the spinal cord using high-frequency linear transducers. Pediatr Radiol. 41(3):374-83, 2011
Duczkowska A et al: Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of the fetal spinal canal contents. Brain Dev. 33(1):10-20, 2010
Hertzler DA 2nd et al: Tethered cord syndrome: a review of the literature from embryology to adult presentation. Neurosurg Focus. 29(1):E1, 2010
O'Neill BR et al: Prevalence of tethered spinal cord in infants with VACTERL. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 6(2):177-82, 2010
Sohaey R et al: Prenatal diagnosis of tethered spinal cord. Ultrasound Q. 25(2):83-7; quiz 93-5, 2009
Lew SM et al: Tethered cord syndrome: an updated review. Pediatr Neurosurg. 43(3):236-48, 2007
Lowe LH et al: Sonography of the neonatal spine: part 1, normal anatomy, imaging pitfalls, and variations that may simulate disorders. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 188(3):733-8, 2007
Lowe LH et al: Sonography of the neonatal spine: part 2, Spinal disorders. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 188(3):739-44, 2007
Zalel Y et al: Development of the fetal spinal cord: time of ascendance of the normal conus medullaris as detected by sonography. J Ultrasound Med. 25(11):1397-401; quiz 1402-3, 2006
Rinaldi F et al: Tethered cord syndrome. J Neurosurg Sci. 49(4):131-5; discussion 135, 2005
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
Tethered spinal cord syndrome (TCS)
Definitions
Low-lying conus medullaris (CM)
Short, thick filum terminale in isolated cases
Often seen with associated spine anomaly in fetus
IMAGING
General Features
Imaging Recommendations
Ultrasonographic Findings
MR Findings
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Dewan MC et al: Fetal surgery for spina bifida. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 24(2):105-14, 2019
He SZ et al: Prenatal ultrasound evaluation of the position of conus medullaris for the diagnosis of tethered cord syndrome. Ultrasound Q. 32(4):356-60, 2016
Tu A et al: Occult tethered cord syndrome: a review. Childs Nerv Syst. 29(9):1635-40, 2013
Blondiaux E et al: Prenatal US evaluation of the spinal cord using high-frequency linear transducers. Pediatr Radiol. 41(3):374-83, 2011
Duczkowska A et al: Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of the fetal spinal canal contents. Brain Dev. 33(1):10-20, 2010
Hertzler DA 2nd et al: Tethered cord syndrome: a review of the literature from embryology to adult presentation. Neurosurg Focus. 29(1):E1, 2010
O'Neill BR et al: Prevalence of tethered spinal cord in infants with VACTERL. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 6(2):177-82, 2010
Sohaey R et al: Prenatal diagnosis of tethered spinal cord. Ultrasound Q. 25(2):83-7; quiz 93-5, 2009
Lew SM et al: Tethered cord syndrome: an updated review. Pediatr Neurosurg. 43(3):236-48, 2007
Lowe LH et al: Sonography of the neonatal spine: part 1, normal anatomy, imaging pitfalls, and variations that may simulate disorders. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 188(3):733-8, 2007
Lowe LH et al: Sonography of the neonatal spine: part 2, Spinal disorders. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 188(3):739-44, 2007
Zalel Y et al: Development of the fetal spinal cord: time of ascendance of the normal conus medullaris as detected by sonography. J Ultrasound Med. 25(11):1397-401; quiz 1402-3, 2006
Rinaldi F et al: Tethered cord syndrome. J Neurosurg Sci. 49(4):131-5; discussion 135, 2005
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