Localized (< 50% of disc circumference) displacement of disc material beyond edges of vertebral ring apophyses
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Dützmann S et al: Revision surgery in thoracic disc herniation. Eur Spine J. 29(Suppl 1):39-46, 2020
Court C et al: Thoracic disc herniation: surgical treatment. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 104(1S):S31-40, 2018
Gong M et al: Surgery for giant calcified herniated thoracic discs: a systematic review. World Neurosurg. 118:109-17, 2018
Snyder LA et al: Minimally invasive treatment of thoracic disc herniations. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 25(2):271-7, 2014
Yoshihara H: Surgical treatment for thoracic disc herniation: an update. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 39(6):E406-12, 2014
Oppenlander ME et al: Surgical management and clinical outcomes of multiple-level symptomatic herniated thoracic discs. J Neurosurg Spine. 19(6):774-83, 2013
Deviren V et al: Minimal invasive anterolateral transthoracic transpleural approach: a novel technique for thoracic disc herniation. A review of the literature, description of a new surgical technique and experience with first 12 consecutive patients. J Spinal Disord Tech. 24(5):E40-8, 2011
Sheikh H et al: Techniques for the operative management of thoracic disc herniation: minimally invasive thoracic microdiscectomy. Orthop Clin North Am. 38(3):351-61; abstract vi, 2007
Fessler RG et al: The development of minimally invasive spine surgery. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 17(4):401-9, 2006
Burke TG et al: Treatment of thoracic disc herniation: evolution toward the minimally invasive thoracoscopic technique. Neurosurg Focus. 9(4):e9, 2000
Vollmer DG et al: Transthoracic approaches to thoracic disc herniations. Neurosurg Focus. 9(4):e8, 2000
Dickman CA et al: Reoperation for herniated thoracic discs. J Neurosurg. 91(2 Suppl): 157-62, 1999
Levi N et al: Thoracic disc herniation. Unilateral transpedicular approach in 35 consecutive patients. J Neurosurg Sci. 43(1): 37-42; discussion 42-3, 1999
Stillerman CB et al: Experience in the surgical management of 82 symptomatic herniated thoracic discs and review of the literature. J Neurosurg. 88(4): 623-33, 1998
Korovessis PG et al: Three-level thoracic disc herniation: case report and review of the literature. Eur Spine J. 6(1): 74-6, 1997
Wood KB et al: The natural history of asymptomatic thoracic disc herniations. Spine. 22(5): 525-9; discussion 529-30, 1997
Whitcomb DC et al: Chronic abdominal pain caused by thoracic disc herniation. Am J Gastroenterol. 90(5): 835-7, 1995
Wood KB et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of the thoracic spine. Evaluation of asymptomatic individuals. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 77(11): 1631-8, 1995
Boukobza M et al: Thoracic disc herniation and spinal cord compression. MRI and gadolinium-enhancement. J Neuroradiol. 20(4): 272-9, 1993
Dietze DD Jr et al: Thoracic disc herniations. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 4(1): 75-90, 1993
Brown CW et al: The natural history of thoracic disc herniation. Spine. 17(6 Suppl): S97-102, 1992
Parizel PM et al: Gd-DTPA-enhanced MR in thoracic disc herniations. Neuroradiology. 31(1):75-9, 1989
Blumenkopf B: Thoracic intervertebral disc herniations: diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging. Neurosurgery. 23(1): 36-40, 1988
Ross JS et al: Thoracic disk herniation: MR imaging. Radiology. 165(2): 511-5, 1987
Benson MK et al: The clinical syndromes and surgical treatment of thoracic intervertebral disc prolapse. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 57(4): 471-7, 1975
Carson J et al: Diagnosis and treatment of thoracic intervertebral disc protrusions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 34(1): 68-77, 1971
Localized (< 50% of disc circumference) displacement of disc material beyond edges of vertebral ring apophyses
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nonvascular Interventions
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
Dützmann S et al: Revision surgery in thoracic disc herniation. Eur Spine J. 29(Suppl 1):39-46, 2020
Court C et al: Thoracic disc herniation: surgical treatment. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 104(1S):S31-40, 2018
Gong M et al: Surgery for giant calcified herniated thoracic discs: a systematic review. World Neurosurg. 118:109-17, 2018
Snyder LA et al: Minimally invasive treatment of thoracic disc herniations. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 25(2):271-7, 2014
Yoshihara H: Surgical treatment for thoracic disc herniation: an update. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 39(6):E406-12, 2014
Oppenlander ME et al: Surgical management and clinical outcomes of multiple-level symptomatic herniated thoracic discs. J Neurosurg Spine. 19(6):774-83, 2013
Deviren V et al: Minimal invasive anterolateral transthoracic transpleural approach: a novel technique for thoracic disc herniation. A review of the literature, description of a new surgical technique and experience with first 12 consecutive patients. J Spinal Disord Tech. 24(5):E40-8, 2011
Sheikh H et al: Techniques for the operative management of thoracic disc herniation: minimally invasive thoracic microdiscectomy. Orthop Clin North Am. 38(3):351-61; abstract vi, 2007
Fessler RG et al: The development of minimally invasive spine surgery. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 17(4):401-9, 2006
Burke TG et al: Treatment of thoracic disc herniation: evolution toward the minimally invasive thoracoscopic technique. Neurosurg Focus. 9(4):e9, 2000
Vollmer DG et al: Transthoracic approaches to thoracic disc herniations. Neurosurg Focus. 9(4):e8, 2000
Dickman CA et al: Reoperation for herniated thoracic discs. J Neurosurg. 91(2 Suppl): 157-62, 1999
Levi N et al: Thoracic disc herniation. Unilateral transpedicular approach in 35 consecutive patients. J Neurosurg Sci. 43(1): 37-42; discussion 42-3, 1999
Stillerman CB et al: Experience in the surgical management of 82 symptomatic herniated thoracic discs and review of the literature. J Neurosurg. 88(4): 623-33, 1998
Korovessis PG et al: Three-level thoracic disc herniation: case report and review of the literature. Eur Spine J. 6(1): 74-6, 1997
Wood KB et al: The natural history of asymptomatic thoracic disc herniations. Spine. 22(5): 525-9; discussion 529-30, 1997
Whitcomb DC et al: Chronic abdominal pain caused by thoracic disc herniation. Am J Gastroenterol. 90(5): 835-7, 1995
Wood KB et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of the thoracic spine. Evaluation of asymptomatic individuals. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 77(11): 1631-8, 1995
Boukobza M et al: Thoracic disc herniation and spinal cord compression. MRI and gadolinium-enhancement. J Neuroradiol. 20(4): 272-9, 1993
Dietze DD Jr et al: Thoracic disc herniations. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 4(1): 75-90, 1993
Brown CW et al: The natural history of thoracic disc herniation. Spine. 17(6 Suppl): S97-102, 1992
Parizel PM et al: Gd-DTPA-enhanced MR in thoracic disc herniations. Neuroradiology. 31(1):75-9, 1989
Blumenkopf B: Thoracic intervertebral disc herniations: diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging. Neurosurgery. 23(1): 36-40, 1988
Ross JS et al: Thoracic disk herniation: MR imaging. Radiology. 165(2): 511-5, 1987
Benson MK et al: The clinical syndromes and surgical treatment of thoracic intervertebral disc prolapse. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 57(4): 471-7, 1975
Carson J et al: Diagnosis and treatment of thoracic intervertebral disc protrusions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 34(1): 68-77, 1971
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