Mills NJ et al: Reactive pituitary hyperplasia associated with paediatric primary hypothyroidism. J Paediatr Child Health. 49(5):421-2, 2013
Zhang WH et al: Magnetic resonance imaging findings of pituitary hyperplasia due to primary hypothyroidism. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao. 34(5):468-73, 2012
Eom KS et al: Primary hypothyroidism mimicking a pituitary macroadenoma: regression after thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Pediatr Radiol. 39(2):164-7, 2009
Alves C et al: Primary hypothyroidism in a child simulating a prolactin-secreting adenoma. Childs Nerv Syst. 24(12):1505-8, 2008
Khawaja NM et al: Pituitary enlargement in patients with primary hypothyroidism. Endocr Pract. 12(1):29-34, 2006
Joshi AS et al: Pituitary hyperplasia secondary to primary hypothyroidism: a case report and review of the literature. Pituitary. 8(2):99-103, 2005
Oatridge A et al: Changes in brain size with treatment in patients with hyper- or hypothyroidism. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 23(9):1539-44, 2002
Bongers-Schokking JJ: Pre- and postnatal brain development in neonates with congenital hypothyroidism. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 14 Suppl 6:1463-8, 2001
Constant EL et al: Cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism in hypothyroidism: a positron emission tomography study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 86(8):3864-70, 2001
Selim M et al: Ataxia associated with Hashimoto's disease: progressive non-familial adult onset cerebellar degeneration with autoimmune thyroiditis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 71(1):81-7, 2001
Papakonstantinou O et al: MR imaging of pituitary hyperplasia in a child with growth arrest and primary hypothyroidism. Eur Radiol. 10(3):516-8, 2000
Kinuya S et al: Reversible cerebral hypoperfusion observed with Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT in reversible dementia caused by hypothyroidism. Clin Nucl Med. 24(9):666-8, 1999
Shimono T et al: Rapid progression of pituitary hyperplasia in humans with primary hypothyroidism: demonstration with MR imaging. Radiology. 213(2):383-8, 1999
Desai MP et al: Pituitary enlargement on magnetic resonance imaging in congenital hypothyroidism. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 150(6):623-8, 1996
Wolansky LJ et al: MRI of pituitary hyperplasia in hypothyroidism. Neuroradiology. 38(1):50-2, 1996
Gupta RK et al: Brain metabolite changes on in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in children with congenital hypothyroidism. J Pediatr. 126(3):389-92, 1995
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Top Differential Diagnoses
Pathology
Clinical Issues
TERMINOLOGY
Abbreviations
Congenital hypothyroidism (CE)
Hashimoto encephalopathy (HE)
Pituitary hyperplasia (PH)
Synonyms
HE: Steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis (SREAT)
Definitions
Thyroid hormone disorder affecting multiorgan systems
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Nuclear Medicine Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Selected References
Churilov LP et al: Thyroid gland and brain: enigma of Hashimoto's encephalopathy. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 33(6):101364, 2019
Ercoli T et al: Status epilepticus in Hashimoto's encephalopathy. Seizure. 70:1-5, 2019
Kutluk MG et al: Hashimoto's encephalopathy in children: different manifestations of five cases. Acta Neurol Belg. 119(4):595-9, 2019
Li J et al: Hashimoto's encephalopathy and seizure disorders. Front Neurol. 10:440, 2019
Feldt-Rasmussen U et al: Interactions between hypothalamic pituitary thyroid axis and other pituitary dysfunctions. Endocrine. 62(3):519-27, 2018
Yoneda M: [Hashimoto's encephalopathy and autoantibodies.] Brain Nerve. 70(4):305-14, 2018
Nandi-Munshi D et al: 30191443 and complications in children. Pediatr Neurol. 52(4):373-82, 2015
Johnston PC et al: Thyrotroph hyperplasia. Postgrad Med J. 90(1059):56-7, 2014
Mills NJ et al: Reactive pituitary hyperplasia associated with paediatric primary hypothyroidism. J Paediatr Child Health. 49(5):421-2, 2013
Zhang WH et al: Magnetic resonance imaging findings of pituitary hyperplasia due to primary hypothyroidism. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao. 34(5):468-73, 2012
Eom KS et al: Primary hypothyroidism mimicking a pituitary macroadenoma: regression after thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Pediatr Radiol. 39(2):164-7, 2009
Alves C et al: Primary hypothyroidism in a child simulating a prolactin-secreting adenoma. Childs Nerv Syst. 24(12):1505-8, 2008
Khawaja NM et al: Pituitary enlargement in patients with primary hypothyroidism. Endocr Pract. 12(1):29-34, 2006
Joshi AS et al: Pituitary hyperplasia secondary to primary hypothyroidism: a case report and review of the literature. Pituitary. 8(2):99-103, 2005
Oatridge A et al: Changes in brain size with treatment in patients with hyper- or hypothyroidism. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 23(9):1539-44, 2002
Bongers-Schokking JJ: Pre- and postnatal brain development in neonates with congenital hypothyroidism. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 14 Suppl 6:1463-8, 2001
Constant EL et al: Cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism in hypothyroidism: a positron emission tomography study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 86(8):3864-70, 2001
Selim M et al: Ataxia associated with Hashimoto's disease: progressive non-familial adult onset cerebellar degeneration with autoimmune thyroiditis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 71(1):81-7, 2001
Papakonstantinou O et al: MR imaging of pituitary hyperplasia in a child with growth arrest and primary hypothyroidism. Eur Radiol. 10(3):516-8, 2000
Kinuya S et al: Reversible cerebral hypoperfusion observed with Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT in reversible dementia caused by hypothyroidism. Clin Nucl Med. 24(9):666-8, 1999
Shimono T et al: Rapid progression of pituitary hyperplasia in humans with primary hypothyroidism: demonstration with MR imaging. Radiology. 213(2):383-8, 1999
Desai MP et al: Pituitary enlargement on magnetic resonance imaging in congenital hypothyroidism. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 150(6):623-8, 1996
Wolansky LJ et al: MRI of pituitary hyperplasia in hypothyroidism. Neuroradiology. 38(1):50-2, 1996
Gupta RK et al: Brain metabolite changes on in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in children with congenital hypothyroidism. J Pediatr. 126(3):389-92, 1995
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