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KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Congenital infections, intrauterine infection, TORCHES
Definitions
- Acronym for congenital infections caused by transplacental transmission of pathogens
- Toxoplasmosis (toxo) → Toxoplasma gondii
- Other (Zika → Zika virus)
- Rubella → rubella virus
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV) → most common TORCH infection
- Herpes → herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2)
- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
- Syphilis → Treponema pallidum
- Acronym for congenital infections caused by transplacental transmission of pathogens
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Buca D et al: Outcome of fetuses with congenital cytomegalovirus infection and normal ultrasound at diagnosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 57(4):551-9, 2021
- de Vries LS: Viral infections and the neonatal brain. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 32:100769, 2019
- Levine D et al: How does imaging of congenital Zika compare with imaging of other TORCH infections? Radiology. 285(3):744-61, 2017
- Clinical features and neuroimaging (CT and MRI) findings in presumed Zika virus related congenital infection and microcephaly: retrospective case series study. BMJ. 353:i3182, 2016
- Alarcon A et al: A prognostic neonatal neuroimaging scale for symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Neonatology. 110(4):277-85, 2016
- Amir J et al: Follow-up of infants with congenital cytomegalovirus and normal fetal imaging. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 101(5):F428-32, 2016
- Besnard M et al: Congenital cerebral malformations and dysfunction in fetuses and newborns following the 2013 to 2014 Zika virus epidemic in French Polynesia. Euro Surveill. 21(13), 2016
- Dhombres F et al: Prognosis of fetal parenchymal cerebral lesions without ventriculomegaly in congenital toxoplasmosis infection. Fetal Diagn Ther. 41(1):8-14, 2016
- Flores MS et al: Zika virus: a primer for clinicians. Cleve Clin J Med. 83(4):261-70, 2016
- Guillemette-Artur P et al: Prenatal brain MRI of fetuses with Zika virus infection. Pediatr Radiol. 46(7):1032-9, 2016
- Inaba Y et al: Correlation between white matter lesions and intelligence quotient in patients with congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Pediatr Neurol. 55:52-7, 2016
- Oosterom N et al: Neuro-imaging findings in infants with congenital cytomegalovirus infection: relation to trimester of infection. Neonatology. 107(4):289-96, 2015
- Nickerson JP et al: Neuroimaging of pediatric intracranial infection--part 2: TORCH, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections. J Neuroimaging. 22(2):e52-63, 2012
- de Jong EP et al: Is routine TORCH screening warranted in neonates with lenticulostriate vasculopathy? Neonatology. 97(3):274-8, 2010
- Bale JF et al: Herpes simplex virus infections of the newborn. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 7(2):151-156, 2005
- de Vries LS et al: The spectrum of cranial ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Neuropediatrics. 35(2):113-9, 2004
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Pathology
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
- Congenital infections, intrauterine infection, TORCHES
Definitions
- Acronym for congenital infections caused by transplacental transmission of pathogens
- Toxoplasmosis (toxo) → Toxoplasma gondii
- Other (Zika → Zika virus)
- Rubella → rubella virus
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV) → most common TORCH infection
- Herpes → herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2)
- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
- Syphilis → Treponema pallidum
- Acronym for congenital infections caused by transplacental transmission of pathogens
IMAGING
General Features
CT Findings
MR Findings
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
Microscopic Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Image Interpretation Pearls
Selected References
- Buca D et al: Outcome of fetuses with congenital cytomegalovirus infection and normal ultrasound at diagnosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 57(4):551-9, 2021
- de Vries LS: Viral infections and the neonatal brain. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 32:100769, 2019
- Levine D et al: How does imaging of congenital Zika compare with imaging of other TORCH infections? Radiology. 285(3):744-61, 2017
- Clinical features and neuroimaging (CT and MRI) findings in presumed Zika virus related congenital infection and microcephaly: retrospective case series study. BMJ. 353:i3182, 2016
- Alarcon A et al: A prognostic neonatal neuroimaging scale for symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Neonatology. 110(4):277-85, 2016
- Amir J et al: Follow-up of infants with congenital cytomegalovirus and normal fetal imaging. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 101(5):F428-32, 2016
- Besnard M et al: Congenital cerebral malformations and dysfunction in fetuses and newborns following the 2013 to 2014 Zika virus epidemic in French Polynesia. Euro Surveill. 21(13), 2016
- Dhombres F et al: Prognosis of fetal parenchymal cerebral lesions without ventriculomegaly in congenital toxoplasmosis infection. Fetal Diagn Ther. 41(1):8-14, 2016
- Flores MS et al: Zika virus: a primer for clinicians. Cleve Clin J Med. 83(4):261-70, 2016
- Guillemette-Artur P et al: Prenatal brain MRI of fetuses with Zika virus infection. Pediatr Radiol. 46(7):1032-9, 2016
- Inaba Y et al: Correlation between white matter lesions and intelligence quotient in patients with congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Pediatr Neurol. 55:52-7, 2016
- Oosterom N et al: Neuro-imaging findings in infants with congenital cytomegalovirus infection: relation to trimester of infection. Neonatology. 107(4):289-96, 2015
- Nickerson JP et al: Neuroimaging of pediatric intracranial infection--part 2: TORCH, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections. J Neuroimaging. 22(2):e52-63, 2012
- de Jong EP et al: Is routine TORCH screening warranted in neonates with lenticulostriate vasculopathy? Neonatology. 97(3):274-8, 2010
- Bale JF et al: Herpes simplex virus infections of the newborn. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 7(2):151-156, 2005
- de Vries LS et al: The spectrum of cranial ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Neuropediatrics. 35(2):113-9, 2004
