Gibson JL et al: Updated guidance for the management of twin and triplet pregnancies from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidance, UK: what's new that may improve perinatal outcomes? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 99(2):147-52, 2020
Curado J et al: Perinatal mortality and morbidity in triplet pregnancy according to chorionicity: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 54(5):589-95, 2019
Dyr B et al: A new era in aneuploidy screening: cfDNA testing in >30,000 multifetal gestations: experience at one clinical laboratory. PLoS One. 14(8):e0220979, 2019
Mol BW et al: Perinatal outcomes according to the mode of delivery in women with a triplet pregnancy in The Netherlands. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 32(22):3771-7, 2019
NICE: Twin and triplet pregnancy NICE guideline [NG137]. Published September 2019. Reviewed January 2021. Accessed January 2021. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/NG137
Yokoyama Y: The new West Japan Twins and Higher Order Multiple Births Registry. Twin Res Hum Genet. 22(6):602-5, 2019
Fichera A et al: Cervical-length measurement in mid-gestation to predict spontaneous preterm birth in asymptomatic triplet pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 51(5):614-20, 2018
Zipori Y et al: Multifetal pregnancy reduction of triplets to twins compared with non-reduced triplets: a meta-analysis. Reprod Biomed Online. 35(3):296-304, 2017
Committee on Practice Bulletins—Obstetrics. et al: Practice bulletin no. 169: multifetal gestations: twin, triplet, and higher-order multifetal pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. 128(4):e131-46, 2016
Fennessy KM et al: Triplet pregnancy: is the mode of conception related to perinatal outcomes? Twin Res Hum Genet. 18(3):321-7, 2015
Morlando M et al: Dichorionic triplet pregnancies: risk of miscarriage and severe preterm delivery with fetal reduction versus expectant management. Outcomes of a cohort study and systematic review. BJOG. 122(8):1053-60, 2015
Dutta A et al: Evidence-based triplet delivery: avoiding rocks and hard places. J Obstet Gynaecol. 34(5):439-41, 2014
Haas J et al: Pregnancy outcome of early multifetal pregnancy reduction: triplets to twins versus triplets to singletons. Reprod Biomed Online. 29(6):717-21, 2014
Related Anatomy
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Related Differential Diagnoses
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References
Tables
Tables
KEY FACTS
Terminology
Imaging
Clinical Issues
Diagnostic Checklist
TERMINOLOGY
Synonyms
Higher order multiple gestation
Multifetal pregnancy
Definitions
3 or more fetuses
Separate or shared chorionic sacs
Separate or shared amniotic sacs
IMAGING
Ultrasonographic Findings
Imaging Recommendations
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOLOGY
General Features
Gross Pathologic & Surgical Features
CLINICAL ISSUES
Presentation
Demographics
Natural History & Prognosis
Treatment
DIAGNOSTIC CHECKLIST
Consider
Reporting Tips
Selected References
Gibson JL et al: Updated guidance for the management of twin and triplet pregnancies from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidance, UK: what's new that may improve perinatal outcomes? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 99(2):147-52, 2020
Curado J et al: Perinatal mortality and morbidity in triplet pregnancy according to chorionicity: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 54(5):589-95, 2019
Dyr B et al: A new era in aneuploidy screening: cfDNA testing in >30,000 multifetal gestations: experience at one clinical laboratory. PLoS One. 14(8):e0220979, 2019
Mol BW et al: Perinatal outcomes according to the mode of delivery in women with a triplet pregnancy in The Netherlands. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 32(22):3771-7, 2019
NICE: Twin and triplet pregnancy NICE guideline [NG137]. Published September 2019. Reviewed January 2021. Accessed January 2021. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/NG137
Yokoyama Y: The new West Japan Twins and Higher Order Multiple Births Registry. Twin Res Hum Genet. 22(6):602-5, 2019
Fichera A et al: Cervical-length measurement in mid-gestation to predict spontaneous preterm birth in asymptomatic triplet pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 51(5):614-20, 2018
Zipori Y et al: Multifetal pregnancy reduction of triplets to twins compared with non-reduced triplets: a meta-analysis. Reprod Biomed Online. 35(3):296-304, 2017
Committee on Practice Bulletins—Obstetrics. et al: Practice bulletin no. 169: multifetal gestations: twin, triplet, and higher-order multifetal pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. 128(4):e131-46, 2016
Fennessy KM et al: Triplet pregnancy: is the mode of conception related to perinatal outcomes? Twin Res Hum Genet. 18(3):321-7, 2015
Morlando M et al: Dichorionic triplet pregnancies: risk of miscarriage and severe preterm delivery with fetal reduction versus expectant management. Outcomes of a cohort study and systematic review. BJOG. 122(8):1053-60, 2015
Dutta A et al: Evidence-based triplet delivery: avoiding rocks and hard places. J Obstet Gynaecol. 34(5):439-41, 2014
Haas J et al: Pregnancy outcome of early multifetal pregnancy reduction: triplets to twins versus triplets to singletons. Reprod Biomed Online. 29(6):717-21, 2014
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